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The Fahrenheit hydrometer is a device that measures the density of a liquid. It was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), who is best known…

A centrifugal extractor, often called a centrifuge or separator, is a device that separates components of a liquid or gas mixture using centrifugal force. It…

A florentine flask, also known as a florentine receiver, a florentine separator, or an essencier (from French), as well as other shapes such as a…

Electroextraction (EE) is a method of extracting chemicals from a solution or matrix by applying an electric field. It is a sample enrichment technique that…

Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a water treatment method that uses gas bubbles to remove suspended particles, oil, and other pollutants from water. IGF is…

Froth flotation is a method for separating hydrophobic from hydrophilic materials. It is a popular separation method in mineral processing for selectively separating hydrophobic minerals…

Microflotation is a variation on the traditional flotation technique, which is a popular method for extracting minerals from ores. It is an improved version of…

An air classifier is an industrial machine that sorts materials based on size, shape, and density. It is a machine or device used in many…

Hydrocyclones are machines that classify, separate, and concentrate particles in a liquid solution depending on size, density, and form. These are cyclonic separators that separate…

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a device that reduces air pollution by eliminating particulate matter (dust and ash) from industrial and power plant exhaust streams.…

Ecosemiotics is an interdisciplinary topic that studies the connections between signals, meaning, and communication in the context of ecology and the natural world. It is…

Nitrogen fixation is an important biological process that turns atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into a form usable by plants and other organisms. It is a…