Physics

Laser absorption spectrometry (LAS) refers to techniques that use lasers to assess the concentration or amount of a species in the gas phase by absorption…

Ionization is the process in which an atom or a molecule gains or loses electrons to form a charged ion. It is the process by…

Photoionization is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule. This ionization produced…

Electrospray is an electrohydrodynamic technique similar to electrospinning. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions using an electrospray in…

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter. It is a technique that provides…

Backward induction is the process of reasoning backward in time, from the end of a problem or situation, to determine a sequence of optimal actions.…

Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection. Gaseous ionization detectors are radiation detection instruments used in particle physics to detect the…

A nondispersive infrared sensor (NDIR sensor) is a simple spectroscopic sensor often used as a gas detector. It is non-dispersive in the fact that no…

Lyman alpha systems are becoming a very useful source of information in physical cosmology. In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption…

In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed…

Molybdenum (Mo) is the 54th most common element in the Earth’s crust. It is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42,…

In electronics engineering, ‘Electric Fuse’ is a safety device that protects us from fire. It’s essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts…