Physics

The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed for patents…

Pulse-tube Refrigerators can be operated over a wide range of temperatures. The pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) or pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged…

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. It is the set of physical properties observed in certain materials,…

Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms…

Cryogenic treatment is the process of cooling materials to cryogenic temperatures temporarily to improve their material properties at room temperature. It is the process of…

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a substance for the purpose of lowering the temperature. The term refrigeration…

Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301 °F), usually using liquid nitrogen. It is a…

In physics, cryogenics is the production and behavior of materials at very low temperatures. It is the production of and behavior of materials at very…

Thermotunnel cooling is a new physical principle for heat engines and heat pumps, based on the tunnel effect and has similarities with a thermocouple. It…

A Cryogenic processor is a unit designed to reach ultra-low temperatures (usually around −300 °F / −150 °C) at a slow rate in order to…

In condensed matter physics, quantum hydrodynamics is most generally the study of hydrodynamic-like systems that demonstrate quantum mechanical behavior. Quantum hydrodynamics in superfluid helium and…

Reducing pollutants in the air is important for human health and the environment. Poor air quality has harmful effects on human health, particularly the respiratory…