An Overview of Operational Activities Followed by Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd

Executive Summary

Stock exchanges are absolutely important for the proper functioning of capitalistic economy. Capital markets serve to transfer capital form the surplus units to the deficit units. That plays an important role by mobilizing the funds to these who can make a proper and productive use of the sale. They also help the surplus units to be capable of earning returns by serving the economy to utilize their idle funds in accelerating the economic emancipation through employment generation. In such a manner the financial institutions especially the organized stock exchanges contribute to the industrialization to the country. Financial market include primary markets, floating initial public offering and secondary market were existing security of listed companies are being traded

Two stock exchanges are in operation in our country – Dhaka stock exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The establishment of Dhaka Stock Exchange introduced a new horizon in capital market of Bangladesh. The remarkable progress of the last 10 years of Dhaka Stock exchange has been made possible by the co-operation and assistance of its very skilled personnel, members, SEC, the listed companies and other associated participants in the stock market. DSE is a nonprofit making organization. I am incorporated on 1954 as a limited co. by guarantee on 1956; floor trading was made with open cry- out auction system .Now DSE is a completely automated exchange with screen based trading facility on countrywide communication network. The automated trading system of Dhaka Stock Exchange has removed all the limitations of the traditional ‘Cry-Out’ system. After launching the automatic trading system, Dhaka Stock Exchange’s major problem has almost been solved. At present, there are no such major problems as was available during the Cry-out system.  Two types of Stock market.  First one is primary market and second one is secondary market. Primary market issued shares first time, then the shares coming secondary market. Both primary and secondary market is dependable to one another. In primary market shares are issued by IPO to the public. In secondary market the shares, which are issued in the primary market, are traded through the brokers.

There are four types of secondary market such as first market, second market, third market and forth market. There are five categories of companies are enlisted in DSE. They are A, B, G, N & Z categories. Five categories companies are traded by three systems such as –

• Call over trading system
• Automated trading system and
• Internet trading system

Now trading has become automated, lead by DSE through central depository .The central depository Bangladesh limited (CDBL) was create in august 2000 to operate and maintained central depository system (CDS) of electronic book entry, recording & maintaining, securities accounts and reregistering transfer of securities. The objectives of establishing CDBL is provide CDS to at momentum to the growth and acceleration of our capital market. Under such circumstances, the depository act 1999 enabled and motivated the companies in private sector with join collaboration from the government to set up a security depository companies.

DSE practices a daily netting system for its settlement. Members receive a net off statement on every trading day in the post closing session. Settlement system is the process in transferring money & shares of executed trade of buying & selling broker in a stock exchange. IT is an intermediary act as common agent. Stock exchange fixed the settlement period by which & executed trade must be settled.

Chapter-1

Introduction

 Introduction   

The capital market is the engine of growth for an economy, and performs a crucial role in acting as an intermediary between savers and companies seeking additional financing for business expansion. Stock market is part & parcel of capital market. Contribution of any stock exchange generally leads to economic growth by increasing the funds to finance industry and other enterprise.

Stock Exchange is an autonomous body formed by shareholders/members. It can take various decisions independently. The objective of Stock Exchange is to provide a market place along with facilities for bringing together the buyers and sellers of securities, promote just and equitable principles of trade, protect the interest of the investors.

 Importance of the study

Trading system is one of the most important functions of stock market operation. This report tries to find out the trading system of Dhaka stock exchange. Stock market is an essential part of capital market. Trading has now become automated, led by the Dhaka Stock Exchange through the central depository. In the present automated trading environment, bids/offers, depth, and required broker particulars are all recorded and can be retrieved for future reference. 

Objectives of the study:

The prime objective of the study is to study and evaluate the trading system of DSE. In this regard the specific relevant objectives of study are as follows:

• To examine the trading system of DSE.
• To know growth, development, organization and management of DSE.
• To examine current issues of DSE.
• To evaluate trading order and settlement system of DSE.
• To identify the problems and prospects of DSE

Methodology of the study

In this study data was collected and information were tabulated, processed and analyzed crucially in order to make the paper fruitful, informative and purposeful.To prepare the report, I have collected all kinds of related data from the primary and secondary sources.

 Primary data:

There are several ways to collect primary data. For collecting primary data I did follow interview method.

There are several types of interview method. I used only personal interview method.

 Personal interview:

1        The primary data were collected through face-to-face interview with the DSE officials.

2        I had also collected information through interview with the DSE members.

3        I had collected information through  visiting  brokerage firms.

 Secondary data:

The study also used secondary data. For this purpose we collect information from various sources such as various publications of DSE.

1        Various publications of Dhaka stock exchange.

2        Trade journal.

3        training reports connected with the stock exchange.

4        Internet.

Scope of the Study:

 The study was limited to DSE to be acquainted with the stock trading procedure .We gathered information about various areas of the stock exchange, its managing procedures, working systems and environments which are very helpful to know & to increase our knowledge & to get more information and data regarding my topic “The trading system of DSE”. The information section of Dhaka stock exchange is very rich that’s why I was able to collect the required books, magazines, periodicals, journals, and the Internet facilities.

 Limitations of the study:

 Despite my sincerest endeavor, the study suffers from some limitations due to various reasons, such as:

1. Due to short time, I could not collect enough necessary data about the study to prepare the report.
2. Some of key peoples of DSE were very much busy with their duties that they could seldom manage time to answer the questions.
3. Investors are not fluently giving opinion due to some restriction.
4. Researcher could not find sufficient data because of DSE great secrecy.

Though the above limitations, I had tried with all of my efforts to know and find out the response pattern of the subjects and consultation of relevant record and document. Data have reached a fairly acceptable degree of accuracy.

CHAPTER 2

DSE-Growth, Development, Organization & Management.

Historical Background

 The Necessity Of Establishing A Stock Exchange In The Then East Pakistan Was First Decided By The Government When, Early In 1952.It Was Learnt That The Calcutta Stock Exchange Had Prohibited The Transactions In Pakistani Shares And Securities. The Provincial Industrial Advisory Council Soon Thereafter Set Up An Organizing Committee For The Formation Of A Stock Exchange In East Pakistan. A Decisive Step Was Taken The Second Meeting Of The Organizing Committee Held On The 13th March 1953. In The Cabinet Room, Eden Building, Under The Chairmanship Of Mr. A. Khaleeli, Secretary Government Of East Bengal, Commerce, Labor And Industries Department At Which Various Aspects Of The Issue Were Discussed In Detail. The Then Central Governments Proposal Regarding the Karachi Stock Exchange Opening a Branch At Dhaka. , Did Not Find Favor With The Meeting Who Felt That East Pakistan Should Have An Independent Stock Exchange. It Was Suggested That Dhaka Narayanganj Chamber of Commerce & Industry Should Approach Its Members For Parchase Of Membership Cards At RS.2000 Each For The Proposed Stock Exchange. The Location of the Exchange It Was Thought Should Be either Dhaka Narayanganj or Dhaka. An Organizing Committee Was Appointed Consisting Of Leading Commercial And Industrial Personalities Of The Province With Mr. Mehdi Ispahani As The Convener In Order To Organize The Exchange.

The Chamber Informed Its Members And Members Of Its Affiliated Associations Of The Proceedings Of The Above Meeting, Requesting Them To Intimate Whether They Were Interested In Joining The Proposed Stock Exchange. This Was Followed By A Meeting, At The Chamber Of About 100 Persons Interested In The Formation Of The Exchange On 07.07.1953. The Meeting Invited 8 Gentleman To Become Promoters Of The Exchange With Mr. M Mehdi Ispahani As The Convener And Authorized Them To Draw Up The Memorandum And Article Of Association Of The Exchange And Proceed To Obtain Register Under The Companies Act.1913. The Other 7 Promoters Of The Exchange Were Mr. J M Addision-Scott, Mr. Mhodammed Hanif, Mr. A C Jain, Mr. A K Khan, Mr M Shabbir Ahmed And Mr. Sakhawat Hossin.

It Was Also Decided That Membership Fee Was To Be Rs.2000 And Subscription Rate At 15 Per Month. The Exchange Was To Consist Of Not More Than 150 Members. A Meeting Of The Promoters Was Held At The Chamber On 03.09.1953 When It Was Decided To Appoint Orr Dignam & Co., Solicitors To Draw Up The Memorandum And Articles Of Association Of The Stock Exchange Based On The Rules Of Stock Exchange Existing In Other Countries And Taking Into Account Local Conditions.

The 8 Promoters Incorporated The Formation As The East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association Ltd. On 28.04.1954. As Public Company.On 23.06.1962 The Name Aws Revised To East Pakistan Stock Exchange Ltd. Again On 14.05.1964 The Name Of East Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited Was Changed To “Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd.”

At The Time Of Incorporation The Authorized Capital Of The Exchange Was Rs. 300000 Divided Into 150 Shares. Of Rs. 2000 each and by an extra ordinary general meeting adopted at the extra ordinary general meeting held on 22.02.1964 the authorized capital of the exchange was increased to Tk. 500000 divided into 250 shares of Tk. 2000 each. The paid up capital of the exchange now stood at Tk.460000 dividend into 230 shares of Tk. 2000 each. However 35 shares out of 230 shares were issued at TK. 80, 00,000 only per share of TK. 2000 with a premium of TK. 79, 98,000.

Although incorporated in 1954, the formal trading was started in 1956 at Narayanganj after obtaining the certificates of commencement of business. But in 1958 it was shifted to Dhaka and started functioning at the Narayangonj chamber building in Motijheel C/A.

On 1.10.1957 the stock exchange purchase a land measuring 8.75 Kattah at 9F Motijheel C/A from the Government and shifted the stock Exchange to its own location in 1959.

Mission

 The Dhaka stock exchange will create a successful well-organized and transparent market of international standard to save and invest in Bangladesh in order to facilitate the competent entrepreneurs to raise capital and speed up industrial growth for overall benefit of the economy.

Visions for Future

The stock has a clear and specific vision for the future.

• Enhancing bond market through bringing in government and municipal bonds beside the corporate bonds.
• Bringing all securities under CDS in 2 years.
• Bringing all the corners of the country under trading network through the on going expansion and up gradation projects of DSE
• Bringing internet based traded trading creating provisions for investment and settlement from any where in the world
• Ensure greater degree of transparency in financial disclosure for better corporate governance
• Making the market competitive in terms of regional securities market perspective   through ensuring market friendly rules and regulatory framework.
• Initiate the process of creating derivative and future market.

Objectives

The prime objective of the DSE is to create a nation-wide stock market also beyond the national boundary, which will simultaneously act as a platform for industrial entrepreneurs and general investors. Explicitly the objectives of DSE are

Following:

1        To develop a strong platform for the entrepreneurs for raising capital.

2        To provide an investment opportunities for small and large-scale investors.

3        To develop a transparent market ensuring investors interest.

4        To provide a fully automated trading, Clearing and settlement system to ensure   quick, easy, accurate and easily accessible to all transactions.

5        To attract non-resident Bangladeshis to invest in Bangladesh Stock market.

6        To attract foreign institutional investors to invest in Bangladesh stock market.

7        To collect, preserve and disseminate data and information on stock market.

8        To develop a corporate culture through mandatory corporate membership.

9        To develop a research cell for analyzing status of the market and economy.

Board of Directors and Management

Main task of the board of director is making policy. DSE has a policy making body of 24 members, 12 are elected and 12 selected councilors. The board members at present are as follows:

                                                                  DSE Management

Rules and Regulations

The Dhaka Stock Exchange’s activities are regulated by the following Acts & Regulations:

• Companies Act, 1994.
• Securities and Exchange Commission Act, 1993
• Securities & Exchange Commission Act, 1993 (Act repelling controller brokers)

     Regulations, 1994.

• Dhaka Stock Exchange

a) By laws, b) Listing rules, c) Memorandum of Association, d) Articles of

Association and e) Settlement of Transaction & Regulation.

• DSE had many new rules and regulation as well as amendments in the rules & regulation of Stock Exchange, Issues in the overall capital market. Some major ones are as follows:
  • § The National Parliament passed “The Depository Act, 1999” on the 5th of April 1999.
  • § SEC adopted “ Public Issue Rules 1998” which was gazette on the 25th January 1999 and subsequently brought some amendments in this rule on the 28th April 1999.
  • § SEC has approved the “Margin Rules 1999” to facilitate proper administration of credit facilities extended by the brokers to their clients and to enhance liquidity in the Exchange.
  • § The cabinet on June 7th, 1999 approved the amended to the “Trust Act 1882” to facilitate the investment of 25% of pension and insurance funds in the capital market.
  • § SEC has extended the time limit for brokers/dealers to continue underwriting business from 30 to December 31, 1999.
  • § SEC amended the “Securities & Exchange Rules 1987” with a view to removing the “Counter Party Identification” facility from the trading of the Stock Exchange.
  • § SEC amended the “Settlement of Stock Exchange Transactions Regulations 1998” envisaging stern measures against defaulters for failing to deliver securities or make payment within stipulated time.
  • § DSE has a policymaking Body of 24 members, of whom 12 are elected and 12 are selected councilors.

 Dhaka Stock Exchange (Member’s Margin) Regulations, 2000

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34(1) of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance,

1969 (Ordinance No. XVII of 1969), the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited makes, with the

Approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following regulations, namely:-

1. Short title. – These regulations may be called the Dhaka Stock Exchange (Member’s

Margin) Regulations, 2000.

2. Definitions. – (a) in these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires,-

• “Additional trade exposure” means the amount of the aggregate (gross) trade
• exposure exceeding the free limit for each member;
• “aggregate (gross) trade exposure” means total buys and total sales position
• of a member at any point of time during a trading day;
• “clearing house” means the clearing house set up by the Exchange;
• “direct settlement” means direct settlement between the members under the
• Settlement of Stock Exchange Transactions Regulations, 1998;
• “Exchange” or DSE means the Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited;
• “free limit” means the amount of the aggregate (gross) trade exposure for
• each member on which no member’s margin shall be applicable;
• “instruments” means the papers and documents including cash for the
• purpose of members’ margin;
• “member” means a member of the Exchange who is registered as the stock-
• dealer or stock-broker by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the
• Securities and Exchange Commission (Stock-dealer, Stock-broker and
• Authorised Representative) Regulations, 1994;
• “member’s margin” means the margin deposited by a member with the
• clearing house under these regulations;
• “security deposit” means the amount compulsorily deposited by each
• Member with the clearing house as prescribed by the Exchange.

(b) Words and expressions used herein but not defined shall have the same meanings

Respectively assigned to them in the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 (XVII

Of 1969), Securities and Exchange Commission Act, 1993 (XV of 1993), and the

Rules and regulations made thereunder.

3. Free limit. – The free limit shall be taka one crore per trading day.

4. Member’s margin. –

 (1) Every member shall, in addition to the security deposit, deposit

with the clearing house, free of interest, as member’s margin an amount at the rate

specified in sub-regulation (3) on his additional trade exposure within one hour of his

exceeding the free limit failing which his trade shall remain suspended.

(2) Transaction for direct settlement between members shall be excluded from

calculation of the aggregate (gross) trade exposure.

(3) Every member shall deposit the member’s margin with the clearing house on the

Additional trade exposure at the following rates:-

Additional trade exposure Member’s margin rate

(a) Up to taka two crore @ 5%

(b) Above taka two crore but not exceeding taka five crore @ 7.5%

(c) Above taka five crore but not exceeding taka seven crore and fifty lac @ 15%

(d) Above taka seven crore and fifty lac but not exceeding taka ten crore @ 25%

(e) Above taka ten crore but not exceeding taka fifteen crore @ 50%

(f) Above taka fifteen crore but not exceeding taka twenty crore @ 75%

(g) Above taka twenty crore @ 100%

5. Instruments for member’s margin.- (1) The following instruments shall be the

instruments for the member’s margin :-

(a) Irrevocable and Without Recourse to the Drawer Bank or Insurance

Guarantee;

(b) Government securities;

(c) Fixed Deposit Receipt issued by any scheduled bank;

(d) Sanchay Patra and Defense Saving Certificate issued by the Government of Bangladesh;

(e) Life Insurance Policy at surrender value;

(f) Demand Draft or Payment Order issued by any scheduled bank;

(g) Securities listed with the Exchange (valued at seventy percent of the lowest

market price prevailed in the Exchange in the previous week); and

(h) cash.

(2) The instruments mentioned in clause (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g) under sub-

regulation (1) shall be endorsed in favor of the Exchange.

(3) 90% of the value of the instruments mentioned in sub-regulation (2) shall be

considered as the value of the member’s margin deposited under these

regulations.

6. Adjustment or refund of member’s margin. – (1) The Exchange, in addition to other available recourses, shall, without giving any prior intimation to the member concerned, immediately realize the value of the instruments deposited by a member as member’s margin and adjust the amount so realised against the dues of the member concerned, if he fails to settle his trade with the clearing house on the settlement day.

(2) The member shall be liable to pay the shortfall, if any, to the clearing house which remains after making the adjustment as per sub-regulation (1), including the costs, interest, charges and expenses involved in the realization process, within three days of the written notice of demand issued to him by the Exchange.

(3) The Exchange shall issue the notice of demand within twenty-four hours of realization of member’s margin as per sub-regulation (1).

(4) The notice of demand shall contain, among others, details of the dues, the amount realized against member’s margin, the costs, interests, charges and expenses involved in the realization process, and the amount that remains outstanding for payment by the member to the clearing house.

(5) The Exchange may either retain the unutilized member’s margin or refund the same to the member concerned within twenty-four hours of receipt of the member’s request in writing in this respect.

(6) Trade of the concerned member shall remain suspended until full realization from him the amount mentioned in the notice of demand as per sub-regulation(4).

7. Maintenance of books and records.- (1) The clearing house and every member shall maintain proper books and records in respect of the member’s margin in such Form as the Exchange, with the prior approval of the Commission, prescribes from time to time.

(2) The books and records maintained under sub-regulation (1) shall always be kept

updated and ready for inspection by the Exchange or by the Commission.

8. Power to grant exemption. – The Commission may, from time to time, exempt any Order or trade of any member from all or any of the provisions of these regulations.

Order

Whereas, the Securities and Exchange Commission deems it to be expedient that, in the interest of the investors and the capital market, certain further amendments should be made in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (Member’s Margin) Regulations, 2000 and Chittagong Stock Exchange (Member’s Margin) Regulations, 2000.

Now, therefore, the Securities and Exchange Commission, in exercise of its power conferred by section 34, sub-section 4 of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 (XV11 of 1969),

Hereby directs the Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd. and the Chittagong Stock Exchange Ltd. to amend

Their respective Member’s Margin Regulations, 2000 in the following manner which shall have

Immediate effect.

Regulation 3 shall be substituted by the following:

“3. Free limit-The free limit shall be taka one crore per trading day.”

Regulation 4(3) will be substituted by the following: –

“4. (3) Every member shall deposit the member’s margin with the clearing house on the additional trade exposure at the following rates:-

Additional Trade Exposure Member’s Margin Rate

(a) above taka one crore but not exceeding taka two crore @20%

(b) above taka two crore but not exceeding taka three crore @ 30%

(c) above taka three crore but not exceeding taka five crore @ 50%

(d) above taka five crore @ 100%

Regulation 5 (1) (a) shall be substituted by the following:

“5 (1)(a) Irrevocable and Without Resource to the Drawer Bank or Insurance Guarantee or Guarantee issued by the non-banking financial institution (NBFI) registered with the Bangladesh Bank provided such NBFI is lawfully authorised in this behalf.”

Committees of DSE:

DSE has the following committees are working in DSE for smooth running of the organization.

• Ø Administrative Committee.           
• Ø Trading Committee.
• Ø Finance Committee.
• Ø Listing Committee.
• Ø Surveillance Committee.
• Ø Arbitration Committee.
• Ø Human Resource Committee.
• Ø Automation Committee
• Ø Land and Building Committee.

Chapter-3

Activities of various Departments

The Various department of Dhaka stock exchange are as follows:

 Compliance Section:

                         Listing and Membership Department

 Surveillance Department

 Inspection and Auditing

 Other Sections:

                         Systems Department (I.T)

                         Clearing and Settlement Department

                         Accounts & Finance Department

                         Research & Development and Public Relation Department

The functions of various departments are discussed in respective heads below:

Listing and Membership department:

Every company must be listed in the Stock market for working thereon and they have to fulfill various formalities. The Listing and Membership department deals with the various formalities of listing and membership with DSE. Formalities related with the enlistment of a company and membership and discussed in below.

Listing Section

If the companies willing to expand their market may apply for listing with the DSE, according to the manner prescribed in the Listing Regulations. ‘Listing Company’ means a Company or a body corporate or corporation, which has been listed in accordance with the regulations, and whose securities are listed and include provisionally listed companies. Unless the company or the securities have been listed and permission for such dealing has been granted, no dealings in securities of a company shall be allowed.

Eligibility for Listing

The Company has to be a Registered Public Ltd. that must be incorporated in Bangladesh under the Companies Act.1994 with the office of the Registered of Joint Stock Companies and Firms. Shares to a listed company can be issued through primary market or secondary market.

Application of listing

Application for listing in the stock exchange should be made as per Form 1, under Section (9) of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance -1969 Section 140 of the Companies Act. 1994, within 10 days from the date of publish of the Company’s prospers. The stock exchange shall grant permission within a maximum period of 3 months from the date of receipt of listing application. In case, the permission is refused, the reason thereof will be communicated to the applicant and also to the Securities & Exchange Commission within 2 weeks of the decision. If reused, the applicant may move a fresh application after six months from the date of such refusal unless the Board otherwise decides.

Documents to be submitted

At the time of applying for the listing, the following documents to be submitted:

1. In case of Participatory capital, a copy of the trust deed.
2. Copies of audited accounts for the last 5 completed years or a shorted
3. 3.  A Memorandum and Articles of Association.
4.  Brief history of the company since incorporation giving details of its
5. Copy of Agreements of other documents relating to arrangements with
6. 9.   Certified copies of agreement with Managing Agent, Selling Agent,
7.   A statement containing Particulars of material contracts.
8.   Certified copies of Agreement with BSB, BSRS, ICB and any other
9.  Form 2 as printed in the listing regulations.
10.  A deed of Unconditional Undertaking to abide by the listing regulations of the DSE.

1. Number of years if the company has been in existence only for such
2. Shorted period.

5. Activities including any re-organization, changes in its capital structure
6. And borrowings.

8. Or between Vendors, Promoters, Underwriters, Brokers.

10. Managing Director and Technical Director.

13. Financial institutions.

Membership Section

            Nobody can participate in the stock trading without being a member of stock exchange. There are two types of member-

            a) Dealer: They can act as principal any buy for their own accounts and sell securities from their own inventories.

            b) Broker: They act as agents of others and receive a commission from their clients. They have no rights to buy or sell from their own inventories.

 The same firm or individual member may act as either a broker or a dealer at different times and in different transactions in the secondary market.

Application for Membership

As per company resolution, to get the membership in DSE, it is necessary to form a limited company and one director will have to be selected as the representative for dealing with the stock exchange. An application to be submitted as per “Form-Ka’ along with the following documents:-

            Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association of the company.

             Tax clearance certificate.

             Letter regarding permission for on-line trading.

 Deed of Declaration as per clause 5 (b) of General Rules and regulations of DSE.

             Two copies stamp size recent photograph.

Surveillance Department:

Dhaka stock exchange has its own surveillance system to control and monitor the market activities particularly regarding the scrip traded. Surveillance Department keeps a close watch on price-movement of scrip; detect market manipulation and monitor abnormal prices and volumes, which are not consistent with the normal trading system. The activities of this department are mentioned here in below-

Circuit Breaker Control

Circuit breaker is a common and widely used system across the Stock Exchange world wide to control the abnormal fluctuations of share prices. The limit of Circuit Breaker at Dhaka stock Exchange is mentioned in this report while discussion the activities of market Operation Department. Presently, the following rules govern the Circuit Breaker percentage value or absolute circuit breaker value:

Ø In case of disclosure of news in any scrip, the circuit breaker percentage will be changed to a Market Operations specified value and will persist at this value for a specified number of days.

Ø For new scrip, for specified number of days after the first trading day, the percentage is a Market Operations specified value. Till the first trading day for that scrip, there will be no circuit breaker percentage.

Ø In case of book closure, the Exchange will provide an absolute value of circuit breaker, which will be used for a Market Operation specified number of days, following which it will revert back to the old value of the circuit breaker.

Suspension of Scrip:

 When price rigging can’t be controlled even after applying the existing surveillance measures or if any serious irregularities such as large quantity of bad deliveries, circulation of fake share certificates in the market etc. is noticed in the market Exchange can suspend trading of those scrip for a period depending on the situation.

High Turnover:

 Surveillance Department of the Exchange on a day-to-day basis carries out a thorough study of the trading pattern of the top 10 scripts by turnover. Such analysis covers the price, turnover volume and value activity by various members in each of the scripts and also the fundamentals of the Company.

Monitoring newly listed shares

As per the instruction of SEC circuit breaker is not applied to the newly listed shares for the first five market days. Trading pattern in this five days of the newly listed shares are analyzed by this department to detect whether the members have entered into any manipulation or circular trades to artificially prop-up or prop-down the prices. If any certain irregularities are observed, the Disciplinary Committee takes action against such member.

Suspension of Traders/Brokers

            Depending on seriousness of irregularity noticed in a member’s trading, his/her trading terminal is suspended until such time the issue is resolved.

The other activities of this department are:

            ☼ Watching net high-low position.

            ☼ Taking Disciplinary Action.

            ☼ Investigation into specific deals of Broker/Dealers.

      The surveillance functions are conducted through the surveillance module of the computer system. This system usually runs manually. The surveillance department through its wide information source carries out this function.

 Inspection and Auditing Department :

There are two types of inspection likely –

1        Regular Inspection – In a regular inspection, the inspectors check whether the brokers are maintaining all the books of accounts.

2        Spot or Special Inspection – In this sort of inspection the inspectors make a surprise visit or it is done on a particular item.

We can write down the functions of this department as follows –

1. Checking whether the brokers are maintaining rules and regulations under SEC, company act, and income tax law.

2. Making physical visit to the broker houses as per the command of SEC or Surveillance department of DSE.

3. Scrutinizing the draft prospectus of IPO, and commenting over that. The SEC decides whether to allow the IPO on the basis of the comment made. Hereby the following points are considered for assessing the draft prospectus of IPO –

I.    Familiarity of the directors.

ii.   Who are holding the shares (Foreign or local or corporate investors.)?

iii.  List of top executives.

iv.  Factory size, product type etc.

v.   Credit rating of the company as per various credit rating agencies (for example–CRISL).

            4.   Preparing internal report and forwarding to SEC if needed.

System Department:

System department is very important department of DSE. This department is also known as Information Technology (I.T) department. Following are the functions of this department:

1        To maintain technical soundness for the entire DSE.

2        To develop Software

3        Data Entry.

4        Data Analysis.

5        Hardware Maintenance.

6        To store and Print out all data.

7        Information providing to various departments.

8        To advise the brokers about their technical difficulties.

System followed by the department

   Hardware

   Software

   Network

Hardware

1        Access Server.

2        Central Server/Status C400 series.

      3    PA-RISC Processor.

4    Fault tolerant continuously available.

5   16 GB Hard disk.

6   512 MB RAM.

7   512 KB Cache Memory.

8   Speed 96 MHz.

9   Modems.

10 OLTE (Optical Terminating Equipment).

11 U.P.S (Urgent Power Supply)

12 Data Storage………….. DAT (Digital Audio Type).

Software

            a) Application Software

                        DSE Version of the VECTOR (Versatile Engine for Centralized Trading & On-line Reporting) has three Modules:

BWS (Brokers Workstation)

Market Operations.

Surveillance.

b) System Software

   Opening system-Unix (HP UX)

   RDBMS (Relation Data Base Management System): Sybase.

Network

Regional Network:

            Dhaka members can connect their own office through WAN. Dhaka members can connect from their won office through WAN. Sylhet members can connect though LAN.

Country wide WAN

1)      Network covers Dhaka, Dhaka and Sylhet.

2)      Dhaka-Dhaka is connected through VSAT and Bangladesh T&T leased line as Back-up.

3)                  Dhaka-Sylhet is connected via Dhaka, through BT&T leased line & dial-in as back up.

4)      E1 line, High Speed Optical fiber is used in the Network.

 Clearing and Settlement Department:

This is the busiest department in the Dhaka stock exchange. The Functions of this department are conducted by the ‘Settlement of Stock Exchange Transactions Regulations, of DSE Ltd.” The main functions of this department are:

            a) Collecting Security deposit

            b) Preparation of contract note

            c) Informing the Position of Settlement

            d) To clear and settle the transactions.

            e) Automatic buying in and selling out.

            f) Charge fine/interest from the defaulting members

            g) Deal with the defective share

            h) Spot transaction

            i) Sending report to the DSE

Accounts and Finance Department:

Dhaka stock exchange has a department for working with the accounting and financial aspects. This department consists of expert personnel including F.C.M.A. etc. The main function of this department is to maintain the proper books of account as required by law. The accounts are being prepared according to historical cost convention following generally accepted accounting principles. At the end of financial period, this department prepares Income and Expenditure account, Cash flow statement and also a Balance Sheet for the projected year.

R&D Library and P.R. Department:

Research & Development are essential pre-requisites for effective functioning and development of any Stock Exchange. Dhaka Stock Exchange has R&D, Library and Public Relations department. This section deals with the functioning of this department.

 Research & Development

Research is a foremost necessity for any stock exchange. In order to fulfill the need DSE has established a Research Center and are keeping close contacts with the UN bodies, international research organization, etc. This department has been publishing a monthly bulletin “PORTFOLIO” It was earlier published in the name of “market update” This monthly magazine is being distributed to the concerned persons and agencies including Bangladesh Missions abroad, Foreign Missions in Bangladesh, Stock Exchange-World wide etc. in addition to the transaction data analysis, Portfolio carries in depth analysis, interpretative write-ups on the share markets, investments, capital flow and formation and the state of the economy in general. DSE also envisages publishing fact book, booklets on trading rules, clearing & settlement rules etc.

 Library

Dhaka stock exchange has also established a specialized library for the use of the operators of the money market. The country Director of the World Bank Resident Mission in Bangladesh, Mr. Pierre Landell-Mills, officially inaugurated the DSE library. At this library, international newspaper, journals, stock market book & publications, information of listed companies, CD ROM, videocassettes for learning on various management tools and on foreign stock markets etc. is available.

The objectives of setting this library are:

☼ To enrich the knowledge of investors and brokers,

☼ To encourage the post-graduate students and teachers to acquire

     Knowledge

☼ About capital market etc.

At present 1000 books are available at this library. These books include Finance, Management, Accounting, Stock Market, Economics, and Statistics etc. Beside these books, half-yearly and annual report of various listed company; World Bank’s publications relating to the economic survey of Bangladesh are also available here. DSE has already opened a Home Page on the Internet (www.DSEbd.com) for releasing updated market information. At this Home page Organizational History of DSE, Rules & Regulations of DSE, Foreign Investor’s incentives, Members’ list, listed company’s information, Daily market Statistics (be updated in every one hour) are available.

Chapter- 4

Trading System of DSE

Introduction:

The stock market is one kind of capital market where the stocks are of the different companies are traded. DSE, floor trading was started with open cry-out auction system. Now trading has become automated, led by the DSE through the central depository. In the present automated trading environment, bids/offers, depth, and required broker particulars are all recorded and can be retrieved for future reference.

Types of stock market:

There are two types of stock markets such as,

• Primary market
• Secondary market

Primary market of trading system

In primary market the following elements are observed:

        –    Initial public Offer (IPO)

• B/O Account
• How to apply for IPO
• IPO distribution system
• Refund warrant / allotment of IPO
• Sell / hold
• How an NRB apply for IPO
• What to know before applying for IPO

 All of these are discussed below:

Initial public Offer (IPO): Initial public Offer (IPO) means first offering of security by an issuer to the general public.

Opening process of B/O Account:

• Collect B/O Account opening form from a depository participant.
• Fill it up, sign it, enclose to recent color pp size photograph and photocopy of nationality certificate / passport and a certificate from the manager of the bank account.
• Submit it to the concerned DP along with charges.
• The DP will input your data into the online server of CDBL.
• CDBL server will automatically produce a 16 digit account number like 1525685464653145

How to apply for IPO

 We will get information from newspaper, stock exchanges, broker offices, web sites of SEC, DSE and the issuers, also from DSE publications.

How to apply

• Collect IPO application form from DSE or its broker offices Bankers to the issue.
• Fill it up, sign it.
• Submit the form along with the subscription money to the selected bank.
• Collect the banker’s acknowledgement.
• Wait for lottery.

IPO distribution system

Any of the three situations may arise

• Over- subscribed
• Under- subscribed
• Subscribed fully

LotteryUnder- subscribed

Distributed to the public + under writers (If subscribed by less than 50%, return to the public)Subscribed fully

Distribute as supply

Refund Warrant /Allotment of IPO:

If your application is successful in the lottery, the issuer shall deposit your shares in your concerned B/O account.

If not successful in the lottery the issuer shall refund your subscription money by account payee Cheque or warrant payable to applicant.

Then you have to deposit the refund warrant to your bank for clearance. Thus your money will be returned. So there is no loss in the IPO.

Sell / Hold:

Check the B/O account and take a statement of holdings.

Now one can sell the shares or hold it.

If you sell it, get capital Gain, if you hold its price may rise and may get dividend or stocks.

The particulars need to know before applying for IPO:

• Profitability, cash flow and financial solvency, if available
• Estimated profit and cash flow.
• Company’s product is technical one
• Company’s sponsors have good financial track record and are not loan or tax defaulters.
• Share issue price is as per net asset value and present income based value.
• Has the company long-term loan from BSB and BSRS?
• Any foreign investor’s portfolio in the company.

Secondary market Trading system:

This is well known as stock exchange, is a secondary market – a trading market. It is structured to provide liquidity and marketability to the security industry.

It is a market where you can buy and sell stocks.

We shall discuss here:

•  How can I start?
• What to know before investing?
• Places to the complaints
• How DSE helps you?

Procedure of secondary market trading:

• Contact with a stock broker
• Open a client account and a B/O account
• Observe first and study the market.
• Place your buy / sell order.
• Get buy / sell confirmation.
• You can hold it or sell it if price increases.
• If you hold it you may get cash dividend or stock dividend.

Before starting secondary business we should observed-

• Fundamental analysis
• Technical analysis

Fundamental analysis:

Fundamental analysis is the process of looking at a business at the basic or fundamental financial level. This type of analysis examines key ratios of a business to determine its financial health and gives you an idea of the value of its stock.

Many investors use fundamental analysis alone or in combination with other tools to evaluate stock for investment purposes. The goal is to determine the current worth and more importantly, how the market values the stock.

Technical analysis:

Technical analysis is a method of evaluating stocks by analyzing statistics generated by market activity, past prices and volume. Technical analysis do not attend to major a security’s intrinsic value, instead they look at stock charge for patterns and indicators that will determine a stock’s future performance. Technical analysis has become increasingly popular over the past several years, as more and more people believe that the historical performance of a stock is a strong indication of future performance

Eligibility of a member for trading:

a)      Becoming the member of DSE Clearing House;

b)      Obtaining Dealership /Brokerage License from SEC;

c)      Not otherwise barred by DSE of SEC.

Categories of Trading Companies in DSE:

 There are some categories of Company’s in DSE:

A-    Category Companies

B-    Category Companies

     G- Category Companies

     N- Category Companies

     Z- Category Companies

A- Category Companies

Companies, which are regular in holding the current annual general meetings and have declared dividend at the rate of ten percent of more in the last English calendar year

 B- Category Companies

Companies, which are regular in holding the annual general meetings but have failed to declared dividend at least at the rate of tem percent in the last English calendar year.

Z– Category companies

Companies which failed to hold the current annual general meetings or have failed to declare any dividend or which are not in operation for more than six months or whose accumulated loss after adjustment of revenue reserve, if any, is negative and exceeded its paid-up capital.

G- Category Companies

 G- Category Companies are basically Greenfield companies. The companies, which are not, started its operation but call subscribers to invest to their Company. They basically call for capital in primary market.

N- Category Companies

 The Company’s, which are already in operation and enters into primary market to collect money, falls into N- Category Companies.

Provided that the chief executive officer of the exchange may bring any other company under this category, if deemed necessary, with the prior written consent from the Commission.

Types of Trading System of DSE:

Cry-Out System :

Before starting on-line trading system, at the Dhaka Stock Exchange, trading was conducted through Cry-out system. Under this system, Members and their Authorized of the Stock Exchange who have license to trade from the Securities & Exchange Commissions would come to the Stock Exchange Floor and participate in trading. But there were a number of shortcomings of this trading system.

Difficulties of Cry-Out System and Need for Automation:

The following difficulties were found in the cry-out system

a) Cry-out floor trading was inept and slows down the process of finalizing deals on the stock exchange floor between the stock dealers.

 b) There was a common complaint from the investors that, they didn’t get fair price. They didn’t know what actually happened on the floor. They had to depend on the broker and it was the market for the brokers not for the investors. To get rid of this problem, a new system is required to be developed.

 c) Manual Clearing and settlement system is clumsy and slow causing an affliction in stock exchange settlement department and ultimately limiting the trade volume and transactions.

 d) Participation in the Stock Market remains restricted within a community residing close to the Stock Exchange building. The business can’t be reached out the common mass.

 e) Cry-out system was a noisy manual system; the open floor action was not only messy and tiring for the traders, but also difficult for the Stock Exchange to monitor the transactions as required by the rules and regulations.

 f) The manual system was error-phone. Errors were very difficult to detect in the current system.

To get rid of these difficulties, it was very essential at that time to start on-line trading i.e. Screen based trading system. On-line trading is automated by computer application.

Automated Trading System

Preamble

Globally the developments in information & communication technologies (ICT) have created a new instance in the securities market operations. Stock Exchanges all over the world have realized the potentiality of ICT and inclined to the electronic trading systems. It was understood by DSE that technology would ensure transparency, timeliness and satisfaction in customer service. Considering those DSE introduced Automated Trading System on 10th August 1998.In other words, the trading floor moved right into the member’s office premises where an investor started to place buy/sell orders.

Considering market growth the Automated Trading System was upgraded two times. The recently Upgraded Trading System, started from 21st December, 2008 is capable to handle 1, 50,000 trades per day as well as 3000 Trading work stations

Hardware

DSE Automated Trading System (HP Nonstop S7804) is running on fault tolerant, high available, scalable and maintainable Mainframe Server. Previously DSE established the TANDEM Nonstop K204 System on September 1998 and on August 2005 it was replaced with highly scaleable HP Nonstop S7802.

DSE upgraded the Trading System again on 21st December 2008. The existing HP Nonstop S7804 Server is highly fault tolerant to the fact that no single component failure will halt the system. Its constituent parts are hot swappable and upward compatible; components can be added or removed while the system is running and any compatible new upgraded will work with the system.

All disk drives are mirrored so, if any of the disk crashes the exact copy of the data is available at online. Moreover the connecting path for every disk whether it is primary or mirror is also redundant. In every case, minimum two peripheral devices exist. All the components are working active – active load balancing procedure. To ensure better power quality we have ensured high end UPS’s with long durable backup capability, two instant backup generations and other electrical devices.

 Network (LAN / WAN) All The Member (230 members) Server Applications (MSA) are connected with Nonstop HP S-Series Server through either DSE LAN or WAN connectivity. Each member has one or more Trader Work Station (TWS). The TWS,s are being connected to the Trading Server via respective MSA through LAN and WAN connection.

DSE outsourced Metro Net Ltd., DNS Ltd. , X-Net Ltd., Dhaka Com Ltd., Ranks ITT, Link-3, Royal Green Online Ltd. etc Network Service Providers (NSP under WAN Expansion Project.

Now a days members can establish a main office or branch offices to their remote location and can trade smoothly by using different media ADSL, Optical fiber and Radio Link from Dhaka and other important cities such as Gazipur, Narayanganj, Comilla, Hobiganj, Dhaka, Sylhet, Khulna, Barisal, Rajshahi, Bogra at the same time.

Two DSE branch offices located at Dhaka and Sylhet is connected via BTTB’s DDN link. We also used another connectivity for redundancy for the DDN link. We have a plan to reach the DSE branches in same way.

DSE LAN/WAN Expansion DSE LAN/WAN Expansion
Within Dhaka City:                                                      Outside of Dhaka City:

 In case of trade interruption due to serious hardware, software, network failure or telecommunication disruption at the Brokerage houses, there is a provision to allow traders to trade at DSE Contingency Trading floor.

System Software

The system software is HP Proprietary Nonstop KERNEL and includes the database as part of the operating system thereby eliminating the layer typically found in most Database Management Systems (DBMS). NONSTOP SQL handles the Database functionalities, which is simply a different operational session for the operating system. The proprietary nature of the system software arguably enhances system security.

Operating system is HP’s proprietary Nonstop Kernel

DBMS handled by Nonstop SQL.

The system software treats all its hardware resources as objects and is thus entirely message driven. This then allows application software to be deployed using client / server architecture providing shared data processing between the central server and the user workstation. The central trading system resides in the Stock Exchange premises, which is running 24 hrs in a day & 365 days in a year.

Application Software

(Securities Architecture). TESA has two parts: MSA (Member’s Server Application) & TWS (Trader The application, which runs in DSE for trading, is called TESA (The Electronic workstation). MSA is the “Gateway” between the traders and the Stock Exchange, which manages all the transactions and database operations between the traders and the Trading Engine. TWS is the Front-end Application closer to investors, where they can submit Buy/Sell orders for their desired securities

Tesa Architecture

TESA software is built for the global securities markets. It uses fault tolerant computers, intelligent workstations and client / server design techniques. This provides co-operative processing, high message integrity, continuous operation and fully automatic recovery. This co-operative mechanism enables very high speed processing which is essential for today’s electronic markets.

TESA’s Application Programmatic Interface (API) is the gateway to the TESA system from the outside world. All external devices connect through the API. The API provides the translation between external devices and internal processes. This means that a new process does not need to be written to support each new device, only the API needs to be modified.

Solution Benefits

The TESA application suite derives significant advantages from being implemented on the HP Nonstop platform. The HP Nonstop customers have benefited from these advantages.

Fault Tolerance: One of the most important automation requirements for any stock exchange system is continuous system availability. With most systems Fault Tolerance is created at the application level. Fault Tolerance is a fundamental design feature of the HP Nonstop architecture.

Data Integrity: Data integrity is an integral feature of HP architecture. TESA employs standard HP tools to achieve exceptional data integrity.

Scalability: The ability of an exchange to accommodate extraordinary increases in transaction volumes without loss of its Capital investment in automation is very important. The HP Nonstop Server is massively scalable due to Parallel processors.

 Tesa Functional Model

An overview of the TESA Functional Model

Client / Server: TESA’s Client / Server architecture enables an efficient allocation of computing resources and provides easily modified user-friendly interfaces. TESA workstations operate under Windows 95 and can function either as servers on a broker’s network or as workstation. The brokers use these to perform trading and settlement activity.

Principal Functions Of Tesa

Market Information: Supplying all market information needed to formulate the buy and sell decisions.

Order Management: Accept, validate and store orders and quotes from broker workstations and / or systems.

Order Execution: Automatically executes orders when buy and sell prices match.

Trade Reporting: Trade execution reports are provided to each trade participant, to the settlement system and / or the depository and to the market.

Index Calculation: Calculates and publishes market indices (DSE General Index & Weighted Average Index.)

Market Access: Provide exchange members with efficient affordable GUI-based tools for accessing the market.

Markets

Four types of market at DSE

Public Market: In this market instruments are traded in normal volume
Spot Market: Instruments are traded in normal volumes under corporate action if any
Odd lot Market: Odd lots of all Instruments are trade in this market
Block Market: Instruments are traded in bulk volume

Trading Sessions

TESA conducts trading in-5-phases.

Enquiry: In this session Brokers can logon to the system. No order will be submitted in this session. No trade will be executed. Only previous orders can be withdrew in this session
Opening: The Opening is a pure, single-price auction. All buy and all sell orders are compared and calculate the open-adjust price. No trades will be executed in this session
Continuous Trading: During this phase, participants enter orders and immediate execution or for inclusion in the book. Automatic matching and execution takes place based on best price/ first in, first out trading rules
Closing: Closing prices are calculated and disseminated to market participants
Enquiry: Market will be closed in this session & other facilities like the previous enquiry session.

 Market Control

The Market Control Workstation allows the exchange administrative staff to control the operation of the market, e.g.

Session Control: Opening and closing the market via interactive control or by preset timers.
Validation Parameters: Setting and viewing parameters that control the trading engine validation e.g. tick size, Circuit Breaker, Circuit Filter, Market lot, Price protection Percentage.
Messaging: Allows the dissemination of company announcement data and general market administrative massages.

Market Information

Market Information is a real-time market data system. It collects, manages, generates and stores information relating to trade instruments and issuing companies. Market Information is responsible for,

Collecting Real-Time Market Information: Bids, offers, last sale (i.e. most recent trade price and volume), book and other data are gathered via the Trading engine. It supports TESA’s automated and manual trading modules and can process the trades of external and off-market systems.

Collecting company Information: All information supplied by the listed companies is maintained in the TESA database.

Generating Market Statistics: TESA generates market indices on a real time basis. It generates other statistical information such as Price.

 Broker Support

Research and Enquiry: this module provides brokers access to the local Broker Support and TESA databases for enquiries and research purposes.

Public Order Book

Broker Order Book

The multi-windows environment allows users to simultaneously view orders, market and trades. Broker Support offers Stock Exchange members two configurations; standalone and multi-user. Both configurations maintain a database consisting of information generated by the TESA Server and the local system.

Dhaka stock exchange appointed an internationally reputed consultant. International Securities Consultancy (ISC) was selected following scrutiny of proposals. The primary task of the consultant was to produce a full Request For Proposals (RFP) for establishing the Dhaka stock exchange’s trading system. The RFP detailed the current system, the need and the possible barriers to solving the problems. Thereafter, an international tender was floated. Finally, in June 1997, two MOU (Memorandum of Understandings) was signed with tow vendors CMC of India and bell core of U.S.A. for design and implementation of Dhaka stock exchange’s automated trading system.

 CMC (Computer Maintenance Corporation) commenced its operations in October 1976 to service all installations left by IBM, CMC’s activities have advanced in many new directions. It is now one of the leading system integration in the country with multi-faceted expertise in information technology. CMC Limited had automated a dozen of bourses.

Bell core International of U.S.A. has played a central role in developing America’s fines tale-communications service. Bell core is the only company in the world that offers end-to-end network expertise combined with the vendor neutrality.

            To fulfill the need of Dhaka stock exchange, a Vector (Standard Product of CMC Ltd.) was customized. The programmer is window based and user friendly. The system has three modules –

(I)                Brokers Workstation (BWS)

(II)             Market Operations (MOP)

(III)           Surveillance.

            The Brokers Workstation module be available from each broker’s office. This module provides the facility to view the market scenario and input order. The Market Operation is exclusively for the trading department of the Exchange issues like this department handles disclosure and circuit breaker. The surveillance department of the Exchange will use the third module. This module facilitates on-line surveillance adding a new dimension to the issue of overseeing the market in this country.

Internet Trading System:

Internet Trading System (ITS) is DSE venture on behalf of the brokers. This site has been provided by the Dhaka stock exchange so as to give customers the convenience to trade or put orders on DSE from any where in the world irrespective of the trading hours of the stock exchange. The trading is done by registering on the site under some existing broker of the stock exchange.

Steps for trading through Internet:

Register on the site as an investor. It is necessary to register under some existing broker/sub broker in the Dhaka stock exchange.

For additional security there are two passwords, browsing password, which is reduced every time, a transaction like order entry, modification etc. is made.

Trading can begin only after the respective broker has approved the registration and assigned limits for trading.

The investor can do trading during the trading hours of DSE as well as put offline orders during the non-trading hours, which get added into the system in the next trading session.

The investor can trade only unto the limit assigned to him by his broker. On exceeding this limit the investor gets suspended.

The objective of ITS is to spread the capital market of Bangladesh begun the larger cities of the country. Through this system, you can witness the market scenario on the internet and place buy/sell order through your broker concurrently.

Usually stockbrokers make their own website interactive for their clientele. Here DSE it self is offering the service on behalf of the stockbrokers. Choose your broker we provide. We treat all members equally. If you ask which broker to open an account with? Our answer is it is your choice.

The stock exchange will make your broker liable for settlement of your trades. So naturally they will be careful extremely to set your trade limit. Check with your brokers to make sure you have sufficient funds and shares deposited with your broker. Otherwise your order will bounce back invalid.

Additional trading system of DSE:

-Odd lot trading mechanism

-Auction session trading

-Sport order trading

-Bulk order trading

-Big lot order trading

 Odd Lot Trading Mechanism

Odd lot orders can be entered as limited orders with the order quantity always not multiple of market lot for that scrip. These orders would be matched with their counter orders if the quantities match and prices allow for a match to take place.

Each odd lot order would have the following elements:

                                     Scrip code

                                     Quantity

                                       Price

                                       Buy or sell Indicator

                                       Retention (GTC/GFD)

                                       Client ID (Optional)

Odd lot orders can be entered for any scrip in the system. Odd lot would be similar to the normal order in a given mode of trading. Only limit orders are permitted with a special odd lot indicator with the order. The priority employed for matching these orders would again be the price in that order.

Auction Session trading:

Auctions will be orders entered by the Stock Exchange. There will be a separate Auction session for entering these orders. Before the start of the auction session, Stock Exchange is supposed to have entered all its auction orders.

Following rules will apply for the auction orders:-

These orders will give the following details:

 Buy/Sell type

 Scrupled

 Quantity

 Standard Rate

 Settlement no.

Auction session can be of two types viz.

Open auction

          Or

Close auction.

This parameter can be set by the Stock Exchange. In open auction session the solicitor brokers can view other solicitor orders in the market. In Close auction the solicitor brokers cannot view other solicitor orders in the market. Thus, the solicitor brokers are allowed to remove or modify their orders in close auction.

1        The Stock Exchange will decide whether the auction is of ‘Buy’ or ‘Sell’ type i.e. whether the Stock Exchange puts Buy Orders or Sell Orders. This is also a parameter that can be set by the Exchange.

2        Stock Exchange enters details like Scrip, Auction Order Quantity, Standard Rate, Broker Code for whom auction order is being entered and Defaulter Broker Code.

3        A cumulative auction quantity and standard rate in each of the scrip will be broadcasted to all the brokers when the auction session begins.

4        During the auction session the traders can only the opposite orders (solicitor orders) for the auction orders entered by the stock exchange.

5        A Broker who is a defaulter for any order entered by the Stock Exchange will not be allowed to place solicitor orders in that scrip.

6        The Stock exchange will specify a standard rate for each of the scrip when putting the auction order.

7        The system will then the matched solicitor orders as auction traders to the concerned traders.

8        The auction orders entered by the Stock Exchange cannot be modified to delete once the auction session has started.

9        The auction trades currently are not taken into account for updating the positions of the traders and brokers.

10    All unmatched solicitor orders are removed from the system at the end of the auction session.

11    At the end of the auction matching, a delivery list will be generated which will give a report on the deliveries to be made between brokers, along with the traded value. If total quantity of auction orders is not exhausted, then the balance quantity will be auctioned at a close-out rate which will be calculated as follows-

12    If any action trade have taken place in the scrip, then

         Close out rate = (Weighted Average of Auction Trade price X Close out%) 100.

Else Close out rate = (Standard rate X Close-out %) 100.

Spot Order trading

                  Spot Orders are normal orders for which delivery has to take place on the same day. The scrip in which spot trading is to be allowed is decided by the Stock Exchange.

1        A spot order is traded against another spot order only.

2        Priority of spot order depends on its price and time.

3        A trader can submit multiple spot orders in the same scrip.

4        Spot Orders can be modified or removed before they are traded. On modification, the spot order looses its time priority.

5        The Spot BBO is formed of spot orders only and is shown separately.

 Bulk Order Trading

1        Bulk orders are essentially limit orders used for trading in larger quantities. They are also referred to as block deals.

2        Bulk orders will be accepted in the continuous trading session only. The duration of these orders would be same as that existing for limit orders.

3        * Bulk orders will not be considered for BBO   formation and closing    price calculation.

4        All other conditions of client code, tick price, filter limited etc. are applicable for bulk orders similar to the ones applied for normal orders.

5        Bulk orders entered by the broker/trader will be broadcast to all the BWS’s. The trader can view the bulk orders and place the appropriate opposite order.

Big Lot Orders trading:

            This type of orders is almost similar to the Bulk Orders, Except that the Multiplying factor will be a global system parameter, set to a value of 2 by default. All other rules pertaining to bulk order trading apply here also.

Circuit Breakers in trading:

            Circuit breakers are checks enforced by the system to verify that the volatility in the market is controlled. Circuit breakers are cheeked at matching stage or at order entry stage. The time at which circuit breakers have to be checked can be specified by the Stock Exchange as a parameter.

            Presently, the following rules govern the Circuit Breaker percentage value or Absolute Circuit Breaker value-

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.Up to Tk. 200

Tk. 201 to Tk. 500

Tk. 501 to Tk. 1,000

Tk. 1,001 to Tk. 2,000

Tk. 2,001 to Tk. 5,000

Tk. 5,001 and above22% but not exceeding Tk. 35

18. 5% but not exceeding Tk. 75

15% but not exceeding Tk. 125

12.5% but not exceeding Tk. 200

10% but not exceeding Tk. 375

7.5% but not exceeding Tk. 600

1        In case of new issue, free trade may be allowed for first 5 (five) consecutive market days and after that, above limits will be applicable.

2        In case of receipt of any price sensitive information like declaration of dividend, bonus/right issue, expansion or joint venture news etc. from the listed company, free trade may be allowed for subsequent 3 (three) market days, and after that, above limits will be applicable.

3        The SEC from time to time in order to ensure orderly markets and also to address the practical aspects may review the above guidelines.

4        Share prices are controlled by the trading system automatically according to the above guidelines.

Algorithm of DSE Indices

Index Calculation Algorithm (according to IOSCO Index Methodology):

                                    Yesterday’s Closing Index X Current M.Cap

Current Index = —————————————————————-

                                                Opening M.Cap

                                    Yesterday’s Closing Index X Closing M.Cap

Closing Index = ———————————————————————-

                                                Opening M.Cap

Current M.Cap = ∑ ( LTP X Total no. of indexed shares )

Closing M.Cap = ∑ ( CP X Total no. of indexed shares )

There are three indices in the DSE as follows:

Index Name

Base Index

Remarks1

DSI (all shares)

350 (as on 01-11-1993)

2DGEN

(A, B, G & N)817.63704 (as on 24-11-2001)SEC directive regarding index was on 17-11-20013DS201000 (as on 01-01-2001)

Abbreviations and Acronyms

M.Cap – Market Capitalization

DSE      – Dhaka Stock Exchange

IOSCO – International Organization of Securities Exchange Commissions (IOSCO)

LTP      – Last Traded Price

CP        – Closing Price

Highest value: 4204.06746

Lowest value: 2001.87987

Index Graph of Last 1 Year from 22-02-2009 to 2010-01-22

 Highest value: 5095.21004

Lowest value: 2408.67157

Index Graph of Last 1 Year from 22-02-2009 to 2010-01-22

 Highest value: 2824.92014

Lowest value: 1841.74494

DSE Performance from Feb2005 to January2010

Index Movement for a Year

Chapter-5

Current Trading issues of DSE

For smooth trading operation, DSE has installed modern server into the existing:

-CDS (Central Depository System)

-NGTS (Next Generation Trading System)

Central Depository System:

CDBL was incorporated as public limited company on 20 August 2000 to operate and maintain the CDS. Shares have been exchanged between sellers and buyers just like other commodities since the starting of stock exchanges. The old tradition of exchange of shares has been with physical certificates. The transfer of ownership of shares between sellers and buyers has therefore been affected through a process of executing transfer agreements between sellers (transferors) and buyers (transferees), verification of seller’s bona fide ownership of the shares with the companies, and then followed by payments and lastly cancellation of seller’s certificates by companies and issuance of new certificates to buyers. That is to say, for a shareholder to sell his shares, he must possess a physical share certificate issued to his by the company.

The global stifling of trade in Stock Exchanges created a worldwide concern over the necessity to invent newer ways of security transaction to ensure the development and the enhancement of capital markets. As a result, a group of economic and financial experts and intelligentsia, known as the G-30 came up with a historic recommendation of setting up a central depository to facilitate the settlement of stock trades through the method of Electronic Book Entry Transfer. Its aim was to eliminate the risk and problems caused by the cumbersome process of physical transaction of shares.

 Based on their recommendation central securities depositories were set up in various countries all around the world including most of our neighboring countries like India, Pakistan, and Srilanka in private sectors.

The new automated Screen-based trading system in Dhaka stock exchange is replaced by saying good-by to the traditional cry-out system. Unlike other automation project, this is not just computerization of the trading floor with the typical data itself. Leading Stock Exchange who had already automated the transaction operation of their trading floor are gradually moving towards this relatively new technology of screen based trading. Dhaka stock exchange has accomplished this trading system from their own resources.

The following are the main impact of Dhaka stock exchange’s automated trading system.

Transparency

 By introducing automated trading system, transparency has been ensured. At present, every thing is going on manually. No manipulation is possible by this system. This system ensures easy and quick communications between traders and the investors.

Trading time increased

In the traditional Cry-out system, scripts were traded one at a time. Although, trading lasted for a few hours, practically one scrip gets only a few minutes to be dealt in. The main facilities offered by automation, are placing of orders both on-line and off-line. Brokers workstation-located in their office premises-allow investors to trade each and every scrip through out the business hour.

Direct participation by the investors

At present, the investors can directly participate in stock trading which was not possible under the traditional system. In Cry-out system, an investor place buy-order or sell-order to his/her broker or dealer and the said broker/dealer would attend in the trading floor in the Dhaka stock exchange. But now, the investors go the Broker’s office and sitting there, they can observe the trading through BWS module system of the computer. They are able to react instantly according to the movement of the market by modifying their orders, placing new orders or withdrawing the existing orders under the new automated trading system. Thus, it can be said that, ‘It is the market for the investors, not for the Brokers.’

Trading from various area

The wide area network of Dhaka stock exchange that virtually links the entire Bangladesh through the normal phone system, also promise a wide participation of the investing public. Not only that, with an efficient network, the oversees investors can now access the market which is very important for the Bangladesh market as the huge number of the citizens are living abroad and willing to invest in this country.

Reduction of Fake Share Transaction:

Due to Starting of automatic trading system, fake share transaction has almost been minimized whereas; it was a common issue in the Cry-out system. In that traditional system, there was an existence of curb market. Investor’s buy/sell in those curbs market to avoid commissions payable to the market. As a result, much fake share would have been transacted. After commencing operation through screen based trading system, existence of curb-market has been abolished and transaction of fake-share has been reduced. Under this new system, Authorized Assistant of each member deposit/receive the securities to/from the clearing and settlement department of the Dhaka stock exchange. The investors make no handling of shares or securities directly.

Proper monitoring

Proper monitoring is possible under the automatic trading system; proper monitoring is possible through surveillance software module. At Dhaka stock exchange, surveillance department monitors the overall trade situation by using this computer system. Also, it had a terminal installed at Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) for the inspectors to keep the vigil. When deals are executed through super fast machines, it is bit difficult for human being to do the monitoring at the similar pace.

Ongoing Human Resource Development

Stock Exchange activities are very specialized in nature and as such, human resource in this area is scarce in this country. Keeping this in view, Dhaka stock exchange has given priority to the development of its human resources. A Term of Dhaka stock exchange participated in the Asian Securities and Investment Automation Congress (ASIAC) ’97 held on 28-30^th May 1997 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Another term of executives spent two weeks with CMC & some Stock Exchange in India to undergo OJC (On the Job Trading) on automated trade.

Central Depository

According to the Bank of International Settlements, A Depository defined as: “A facility for holding securities, which enables securities transactions to be processed by book entry. Physical securities can be immobilized by the depository or securities may be dematerialized (so that they exist only as electronic records).”

Simply stated, a Central Depository can be compared to a bank. A central depository holds shares of shareholders in book entry form. Thus it acts like a bank of shares, by depositing share certificates into a central depository, the delivery of shares in settlement of a transfer of shares executed between a seller and buyer can be easily achieved with change of records in the central depository instead of physically exchanging certificates, as has been the case till now.

Importance of depository :

The need for a depository arose from shortcomings in the present settlement system, resulting in:

1        Lengthy delays in delivery, settlement and transfer of securities;

2        Tedious procedures for verification of securities and transfer deeds;

3        Considerable time involved in dispatching cash dividends and bonus shares;

4        Risk of damaged, lost. Forged and duplicate securities;

5        Serious problems associated with physical custody;

6        Tedious procedure involved in pledging of physical securities to raise capital

 CDBL A Supporting Organ of Automated Trading System:

Central Depository Bangladesh Limited (CDBL) was incorporated as a public limited company to operate and maintain the Central Depository System (CDS) of Electronic Book Entry, recording and maintaining securities accounts and registering transfer of securities, changing the ownership without any physical movement or endorsement of certificates and execution of transfer instrument, as well as various other investor services including facilitation of the secondary market trading of Treasury Bills and Government Bonds issues by the Bangladesh Bank. The Register of Joint Stock Companies (RJC) issued the certificate of incorporation and certification of business commencement to CDBL on 20 August 2000. The Authorized and Paid-up-Capital as Tk 500 million and Tk 300 million respectively with the value of each share is fixed at Tk. 01 million.

The objective of establishing CDBL is to provide CDS to add momentum to the growth and acceleration of our capital market. Problems such as fake, forged or lost shares, long settlement cycle, operational inefficiencies of manual clearing and settlement system, hassles of shares registration, transfer and certificate validation are still prevailed in the market and due to them, the investors felt disinclined to stake their money in such a volatile and shaky atmosphere. Under such circumstances, the Depository Act 1999 enabled and motivated the companies in private sector with joint collaboration from the government to set up a securities depository company.

Address

Central Depository Bangladesh Limited (CDBL)

BSRS Bhaban (18^th floor)

12  Kawran Bazar

Dhaka – 1215 Bangladesh

Tel: –       88 02-913 7906, 88 021-913 8024

               88 02-913 8039, 88 021- 913 7928

Fax: –      88 02-812 4630

E-mail:- cdble@bol-online.com

Owners

The Depository Regulations, 2000 requires that the sponsors of any depository are:

1        A financial institution

2        A bank

3        A sock exchange

4        A body corporate established or formed under any law

5        A company listed with any stock exchange or

6        Any other national or international institution specified by the DSE

Accordingly the stakeholders of CDBL, numbering over 70 institutions, are –

1        Nationalized Commercial Banks

2        Private Commercial Banks

3        Foreign Commercial Banks

4        Insurance Companies

5        Dhaka Stock Exchange

6        Dhaka Etock exchange

7        Investment Corporation of Bangladesh

8        Listed Companies and

Depository Participant

One can open securities account through a DP and start dematerializing his securities into his account and / or start trading in the electronic mode. The balances in his account are maintained with the depository and are available through the DP. His DP will intimate him the status of his holdings or transactions from time to time.

Participants:

The following types of organizations may become CDBL participants

1        Stock brokers/dealers (members of the DSE and DSE);

2        Banks;

3        Financial institutions;

4        Insurance companies;

5        A statutory organization;

6        Merchant bankers;

7        Asset managers;

8        Custodians; and

9        Any other capital market intermediary registered with the SEC.

Participants are divided into the following categories:

The issuer: – An entity that puts a financial asset in the market place.

Exchange DP: – Provides service to brokers for settlement purposes.

Trading participant:-Stock brokers/dealers (Stock Exchange member) who can operate their own account (principal account) and clearing account.

Full service participant: – Participants who can operate their own account, clearing account and the accounts of investors.

Custody participant: – Participants who can operate their own account, clearing account of stock brokers/dealers, custody account of their customers but it is not a stock exchange member.

Settlement agent participant: – Participant who can operate clearing accounts on behalf of stock brokers/dealers for the settlement of stock exchange transaction.

CDBL services:

CDBL mainly concerning on the following points:

1        BO account opening.

2        BO ISIN inquiring & maintenance

3        Dematerialization

4        Settlement

5        Transfer

6        Transmission

ny benefits if the Investor buy and sell in the depository mode.

 Some of the benefits in general:

1        No bad deliveries.

2        Reduced paper work.

3        No risk of loss, mutilation or theft of share certificates.

4        Fast settlement cycles.

5        No stamp duty for transfer of shares.

6        Low transaction cost for buying and selling in the dematerialized segment.

7        Low Interest rates on loans granted against pledge of dematerialized securities by banks.

8        Pay – in and pay – out of securities on the same day.

9        Increase in the liquidity of Investors securities because of faster transfer and registration of securities in his/her account.

10    Instant disbursement of non – cash corporate action benefits like bonus and rights into Investors account.

11    Elimination of vault charges.

 Benefits to Investors

 Pledging is difficult and time consuming

High risk of forgeries

Storage problem

Costly share transfer

Odd market for Odd lot transaction

 Benefits to listed companies:

Printing of share certificates

Cost of stamp duties

Mailing operation to shareholders

Hassle of wrong delivered mails

Voluminous work during book closure

Continuous checking and authentication of scrip

Signature verification

Signature of directors

Distribution of dividend

Drawbacks of CDBL

Central Depository Bangladesh Limited (CDBL) is very new in our country. It had been started its operation with only one scrip since 24 January 2004. Earlier we knew about benefits of Central Depository System working out by CDBL. The study found some drawbacks of CDBL –

 Increase in transaction cost

 Risk of stop trading

 Slow dematerialization rate

 Incomplete clearing system

If we consider the above findings, we will find that through Central Depository System (CDS), CDBL is going to provide a bundle of services and information to its Beneficial Owners viz. investors, brokers, issuers, stock exchanges, banks and regulatory authority (SEC).

The system of Electronic Book Entry Transfer (BET) adopted by CDS basically replaces the physical shares and enables paper-less trading. The paperless or scrip-less trading will provide a number of benefits to the beneficial owners by eliminating the problems and hassles normally associated with paper based trading that is prevailing at present trading. There are a lot of problems such as fake, forged and lost shares, long settlement process, operational inefficiencies of manual clearing and settlement system, troubles and hassles of shares registration, transfer and certificate authentication etc are prevailing in the market at present. As a result, the investors felt hesitate to invest their money in present situation.

CDS that is provided by CDBL will remove these problems and create a favorable environment through electronic share trading system. CDBL will be accountable for its operation to the regulatory authority; Security and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Besides the different facilities, CDBL has some shortcomings, which might create obstacles in its smooth and efficient operation. By overcoming those drawbacks, CDBL will be able to ensure the Accuracy, Speed and Transparency for the benefits of all concerned. This will obviously have a good impact on the capital market of Bangladesh. Moreover, for improving the situation of the capital market of Bangladesh CDBL will be an advanced step that will add momentum to the growth and pace of our capital market.

NGTS (Next Generation Trading System):

DSE is a forward-looking bourse of the country. Among the major steps and plans, DSE has taken various initiatives to meet the present challenges.    For smooth trading operation DSE is now under process of introduce NGTS (Next Generation Trading System) into the existing engine to facilitate Equity market.

Chapter-6

Trading order and Settlement system of DSE

Clearing and Settlement system

The Clearing and Settlement module provides the management of trade from the point of entry into the Settlement Pool trade database until it has been delivered, settled and removed from the Settlement Pool. It consists of three major business processes.

Clearing: participant trade reporting, affirmation, billing and assigning settlement instructions.

Settlement: the process of overseeing that delivery of all instruments to the buyer and payment of all moneys to the seller has occurred before removing the trade from the settlement pool.

Regulation 4 of the Settlement of Stock Exchange Transactions Regulation 1998 has been given effect time to time. A new directive was made by SEC dated on 18th March 2003 “Adjusted due position mechanism for settlement of scrip only as provided by regulation 4(1) of settlement of Stock Exchange Transaction Regulations, 1998 shall remain suspended from 19th March 2003 until further order”.

Here is a complete picture of the settlement system for all of our 378 Instruments in Five (5) groups in the Four (4) markets.

A Group:

 Number of Instruments are 164 (142 + 8D + 14M), Here D for Debentures, M for Mutual funds & TB for Treasury Bonds (Trading in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market with trade for trade settlement facility for scrip only through DSE Clearing House on T+1, T+3 basis). “A” and “DA” are marked in BASES columns for Non-Demat & Demat instrument respectively in our TESA Trading Software.

The above cycle is valid for A, B, G & N category instruments traded in Public, Block & Odd-lot market.

B Group: Number of Instruments are 18 (Trading in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market with trade for trade settlement facility through DSE Clearing House on T+1, T+3 basis). “B” and “DB” are marked in BASES columns for Non-Demat & Demat instrument respectively in our TESA Trading software.

G Group: Number of Instrument is 1 (Trading in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market with trade for trade settlement facility through DSE Clearing House on T+1, T+3 basis). “G” and “DG” are marked in BASES columns for Non-Demat & Demat instrument respectively in our TESA Trading software.

N Group: Number of Instrument is 14 (Trading in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market with trade for trade settlement facility through DSE Clearing House on T+1, T+3 basis). “N” and “DN” are marked in BASES columns for Non-Demat & Demat instrument respectively in our TESA Trading software.

Z Group: Number of Instruments are 97(Trading in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market with trade for trade settlement facility through DSE Clearing House on T+1, T+7 basis). “Z” and “DZ” are marked in BASES columns for Non-Demat & Demat instrument respectively in our TESA Trading softwar.

This cycle is valid only for Z group instruments traded in Public, Block & Odd-lot market.

Instruments Of All Groups Traded In Spot Market:

The above cycle is valid for A, B, G, N & Z category instruments traded in spot market.

Instruments of Foreign Trades (DVP) Of All Groups:

The above cycle is valid for A, B, G, N & Z category instruments of foreign trade.

Remarks:

* If any instrument declared as Compulsory Spot then Trades of Block and Odd-lot market of that Instrument will be settled like Spot Market.

* Howla Charge, Laga Charge & Tax are always payable to DSE at Pay-In date for both Buyer and Seller traded in Public, Block & Odd-lot Market.

* Howla Charge, Laga Charge & Tax are always payable to DSE at T+1 day for both Buyer and Seller traded in Spot Market.

* Outside-Of-Netted settlement for “A” Group instrument has been withdrawn from 10^th Dec 2006.

* DVP Trades are Off-Market Settlement (Broker to Broker).

Settlement for Different Categories Instruments

 01) For A group Instruments:

Market name                    Trade for Trade System       Settlement & Settlement Period

 02) For B group Instruments:

Market name                  Trade for Trade System       Settlement & Settlement Period

03) For G group Instruments:

Market name                    Trade for Trade System     Settlement & Settlement Period

04) For N group Instruments:

Market name                 Trade for Trade System     Settlement & Settlement Period

* As netting system for shares has withdrawn, for A, B, G & N group instrument, member will have to deposit the full shares at the DSE on T+1 after selling the shares, In case of purchasing such shares, the buyer will have to deposit the Balanced (Netted) money traded in Public, Block & Odd-lot market at the DSE on T+1.

05) For Z group Instruments:

Market name                  Trade for Trade System   Settlement & Settlement Period

** Under the Trade for trade settlement system, member will have to deposit the full money at the DSE on T+1 after purchasing the shares, In case of selling such shares, the seller will have to deposit the full shares at the DSE on T+9.

Demate Share:

All selling shares have to transfer (Pay in) to the clearing account of selling Brokers from concerned BO account within settlement period. Regarding the cash payment the procedure will remain unchanged as mentioned above.

Failed trades

If a member fails to deliver securities or make payment within the settlement day, the stock exchange automatically squares-up the unsettled transaction. This is done by buying –in or selling –out as required on T+4 on the risk and account of the defaulting member. No notice is given.

The defaulting member is not allowed to carry out trading from the day after settlement day until payment of the outstanding money and a fine is made to Stock Exchange as per the following schedule:

 Direct Settlement between members:

Spot transaction

Members are allowed to carry out spot transaction in DSE during the period of books closure of listed companies. Spot transaction is to be settled within the next trading day (i.e. T+1) with information t the Clearing House.

Transaction of foreign investors involving a custodian bank

Transaction of foreign buyer and /or seller involving a custodian bank is settled within the fifth day subsequent to the trading day, i.e.T+5, with intimation to the Clearing House.

Failed trade

If a member fails to settle the above transaction within the stipulated time, the defaulting member is not allowed to carry out trading from the day of default

(i.e.T+2 and T+6 respectively) until the concerned trade is settled to the satisfaction of DSE and a fine of BDT 5,000per day in case of spot transaction and BDT 10,000per day in case of transaction of foreign buyer and seller, as the case may be for each default is paid to DSE.

Types of Orders:

There are several types of orders are done under DSE such as-

Limit order:

A limit order is the order in which the buying price or selling price for a certain quantity of particular security is specified. Limit Order will be in the following categories:

Good till cancelled (GTC)

A GTC order is the order that remains in the system for a period no exceeding one-calendar week or the member cancels it.

Good for day (GFD)

A GFD is the order, which is valid for the day on which it is entered. If the order is not matched during the day, the order gets cancelled automatically at the end of the trading day.

Good till date (GTD)

A GTD order allows the member to specify the number to specify the number of day’s not exceeding one calendar week for which the order shall stay in the system. At the end of this period the order shall be deleted from the system.

Market order

Market Order is an order to buy or sell a certain quantity of particular security at the best price or prices prevailing in the market at that point of time. Market Orders will be in the following categories:

Full fill or kill (FOK)

A FOK order is the order that will match for a trade at the Market Price only if the total quantity is available.

Partial fill rest kills (PFRK)

A PFRK order is the order that will match for a trade at the Market Price for the quantity available in the market .The balance quantity, if any, will be converted to a Limit Order at the last traded price.

Minimum fill

An order in which the minimum quantity must be filled.

Market order protection

Market order protection is a protection, which will ensure that the trade price for market orders shall be within a certain price band (depending on the market order protection value). For a market buy order protection value (which will be supplied by the member, when the market order is entered) will be relative to the BBO offer price and for a market sell order it would be relative to the BO bid price.

Drip feed order:

A Drip Feed Order is an order in which the member has the option to specify a replenish quantity along with the total order quantity. Only the replenish is revealed to the market .The quantity gets replenished only when the previous quantity has got traded and every time the quantity gets replenished, the visible quantity gets a new time stamp.

Order modification and Cancellation

Amend order

The price, volume, retention & client ID of an order can be changed prior to execution or fro many unexecuted portion of an order.

Cancellation of orders

Orders can be cancelled at any point prior to execution .All orders shall be automatically deleted fro the system once their time condition has expired.

Suspension of trading:

The CEO in Committee of DSE will have the authority to suspend trading of specific securities, trading by specific members or permit the resumption of trading activities in the security by the member from the terminal. The matter however shall be informed to the SEC immediately within the trading day.

Fixing of price

Investors are allowed to quote their expected price I the there Buy/Sell order. The-trading system of the Exchange automatically matches the best prices. Before execution of an order, the investors through their brokers may revise the price. Therefore in broad sense, the market forces of demand and supply fix prices.

Chapter-7

SWOT Analysis of Dhaka Stock Exchange

Strengths

Capital market is an integral part of developed and industrialization economy. One can hardly escape the impact of activities of the capital market or lack therefore on the economy. Ours is a nascent capital market, yet to mature and yet to go a long way.

 Dhaka Stock Exchange was established in April 28, 1954 and eventually the automated trading system was introduced in both the bourse in 1956. The development has been quite considerable so far and the latest move to establish a central depository in the country also deserved wholehearted praise.

The securities market has registered significant growth during last few years; buy compared to the size of Securities Market in South Asian Countries, the Bangladesh Security Market is still very small. None of us have any reason to be happy with the current market situation in Bangladesh. The market rose abruptly during the end 1996 and fell abruptly and continues the downward trend in terms of both volumes of transactions and price index. For getting a clear view, we can divide the discussions related to problem into two parts (a) Problems faced by the Dhaka Stock Exchange. (b) Common problems these are discussed hereunder:

Weaknesses

After launching the automatic trading system, Dhaka Stock Exchange’s Weaknesses has almost been solved. At present, there are no such Weaknesses as was available during the Cry-out system. However, the following are the Weaknesses mentionable now faced by the Dhaka Stock Exchange.

Physical transfer of Shares

 The real problem lies with physical transfer of shares. It has earlier been mentioned that, after automation, Dhaka, Sylhet are connected with Dhaka Stock Exchange and trading occurs at the same time. As a result, shares and securities are required to be sent/to take delivery from that region for settlement. It’s really a cumbersome work. Because, at the time of sending security, there attached a 178 form along with that security. The share/security is sent through courier services. Thought there is an insurance policy against the risks of transfer of shares; nevertheless, for avoiding risks, the clearing and Settlement department takes some actions. When they intend to transfer share to any regional office, they separate the 117 form and securities into two parts and putting them in two separate packets, they sent the same through two separate courier services. Reversal, in case of receiving of shares/securities, the said department gets two packets from courier services. One containing 117 forms and another containing shares. Then, they adjunct the respective117 form with respective securities. This is surely a time consuming and difficult job.

Index Calculating

 At present, all share price index are used at the Dhaka Stock Exchange. But this is not a proper methodology. By using this methodology of calculating index, appropriate value of index can’t be ascertained.

Insufficient technical Expert

Dhaka stock exchange is functioning with very efficient, skilled and resourceful personnel. As all the systems are going on manually, hence, system department have to work much. In addition, they have or render services to various Broker Workstations to solve the technical problems of the BWS. As a result, more personnel are required for system department to reduce the burden of work. But, they are not getting personnel as per their requirement.

Forward Buy/Sell

There are some members, who, in fulfilling client’s demand, put order for forward buying/selling. It means to buy share without having sufficient fund and to sell share without having securities. This leads to that member firm towards squaring up and as a result, a complex situation arises.

Lack of Knowledge

 Like any other industry, people who invest or are involved in capital market activities, have not sufficient knowledge about the market and the product. Even, they don’t know how to make a valuation of a share. As a result, they have to suffer losses. What has happened to the capital market in the recent past, have vividly demonstrated lack of knowledge all around thus resulting negative impact in every respect.

Manipulations & Scams

The environment around the capital market is full of rumors of scams and wrong dealings. Brokers are accused of manipulating prices; companies are accused of miss-pricing their stocks, of floating rumors and of misrepresentation of performance. It is impossible to determine the validity of these accusations.

Other Weaknesses are as follows:

Most of the members of DSE are not rendering optimum services to the investor’s.

• Some stock exchange members also serve as director of listed companies. This can lead to the chance of insider trading especially in such a poorly regulated market.

• Lack of proper and adequate disclosures

• Certifiers of financial statements and Property value’s of the company are the identical.
• Management and Owners (Councilors) of DSE are entwined
• Lack of enforcement with the compliance of rules and regulations
• Corporate governance – sponsor-owners are managing the firm. All most all cases, no professional management are hired to run the affairs of the listed company.

• Management and Owners (Councilors) of DSE are entwined
• Lack of enforcement with the compliance of rules and regulations
• Corporate governance – sponsor-owners are managing the firm. All most all cases, no professional management are hired to run the affairs of the listed company.

• There has been general allegation by the investors that there has been some fraudulent acts insider trading which may have contributed to the abnormal fluctuation the pries of transparency, systematic deficiency and management inadequacies in the conduct of the trade by the stock exchange.

Opportunities

For solving the problems of Dhaka stock exchange may be taken into consideration:-

Introducing Central Depository Bangladesh Limited (CDBL)

To solve the problem associated with physical transfer of Shares, CDBL should immediately be introduced. It will ensure proper monitoring; eliminate forgery of share documents, apart form giving the speed of doing business in the capital market. Without CDBL the automated system will remain under-utilized. To bring efficiency in the market, particularly with ever increasing trade volume and to derive maximum transparency, CDBL should be implemented as soon as possible.

Selective Index should be calculated

To make appropriate the methodology of index, selective index should be calculated instead of all share price index. This program should be run immediately to find proper price index.

Appointment of Technical Expert

More technical expert is to be appointed for system department to minimize the work burden.

Fund Transfer

The broker should provide short-term credit line for the investors, so that the investors can buy shares without depositing fund. For this purpose investors be rated particularly the institutional investors to determine Client’s credit Worthiness.

Threats

• Interference of all kind should be avoided
• Monitoring and supervision cell of Regulatory Bodies should work round the clock
• Dhaka Stock Exchange Broads must allow all operational decisions.
  • The dormant members of stock exchange should be surveyed very strictly. Such members should be compelled to either trade or give up their membership.
  • Market makers create both demand for & supply of securities and to the consistency in the prices. So it is recommended to make necessary provisions in stock exchange by laws for permitting market maker’s activities.
  • To minimize the chances of insider trading legal provisions should be made that, no stock exchange member would be allowed to become directors of any listed company.
  • In Bangladesh, we should follow the practices of developed capital markets & not allow curb market anywhere.
  • The average investor must have access to all information that might help the right investment decision. SEC can institute either a set up or to encourage the formation of investors associations under its umbrella.
  • Credit rating enables the investors to judge the viability of the company for investment. Bangladesh capital market can accommodate some credit rating agenc.

Recommendations

For solving the problems of Dhaka stock exchange may be taken into consideration:-

Introducing Central Depository System (CDS)

To solve the problem associated with physical transfer of Shares, CDS should immediately be introduced. It will ensure proper monitoring; eliminate forgery of share documents, apart form giving the speed of doing business in the capital market. Without CDS the automated system will remain under-utilized. To bring efficiency in the market, particularly with ever increasing trade volume and to derive maximum transparency, CDS should be implemented as soon as possible.

Selective Index should be calculated

To make appropriate the methodology of index, selective index should be calculated instead of all share price index. This program should be run immediately to find proper price index.

Appointment of Technical Expert

More technical expert is to be appointed for system department to minimize the work burden.

Fund Transfer

 The broker should provide short-term credit line for the investors, so that the investors can buy shares without depositing fund. For this purpose investors be rated particularly the institutional investors to determine Client’s credit Worthiness.

Following things should also be taken into consideration

• Interference of all kind should be avoided
• Monitoring and supervision cell of Regulatory Bodies should work round the clock
• Dhaka Stock Exchange Broads must allow all operational decisions.
  • The dormant members of stock exchange should be surveyed very strictly. Such members should be compelled to either trade or give up their membership.
  • Market makers create both demand for & supply of securities and to the consistency in the prices. So it is recommended to make necessary provisions in stock exchange by laws for permitting market maker’s activities.
  • To minimize the chances of insider trading legal provisions should be made that, no stock exchange member would be allowed to become directors of any listed company.
  • In Bangladesh, we should follow the practices of developed capital markets & not allow curb market anywhere.
  • The average investor must have access to all information that might help the right investment decision. SEC can institute either a set up or to encourage the formation of investors associations under its umbrella.
  • Credit rating enables the investors to judge the viability of the company for investment. Bangladesh capital market can accommodate some credit rating agencies.
  • Software must be latest and update.

Conclusion

A developed market economy is always accompanied by a robust stock market. Since Bangladesh has adopted free market economy as her national policy to achieve her goals of higher growth and rapid privatization, she must revive her stock markets and make them capable of working as the main vehicle for mobilizing and allocating funds needed to finance the industrial and other development activities of the country. In fact, no alternative path is suitable like a stock market to strengthen the financial base of a country, gear up its development activities and achieve its all-out economic emancipation. Dhaka Stock Exchange has been eminently supportive in many ways in this journey of capital market development in Bangladesh. In this brief span of its existence DSE has played a noteworthy role in the development of capital market in Bangladesh. DSE contribution is enormous in shaping where we stand now and success of DSE in this journey of development of capital market in Bangladesh largely depends on how it run its Trading System.

References

1. www.sharebazar.org
2. S. Islam. “Dhaka Stock Exchange: An overview”. Published by Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd.December.2005
3. Www.dsebd.com  – Official website of DSE
4. Annual Report of DSE -2007
5. Annual Report of DSE -2008
6. Annual Report of DSE -2009
7. Annual Report of DSE -2010
8. DSE Training center.
9. “Share Bazar” –Monthly magazine on Share Market, Published on February-2009.
10.     www.google.com
11.    www.bdstock.com
12.    www.stockbangladesh.com