Training is defined by Wayne Cascio as “training consists of planed programs undertaken to improve employee knowledge, skills, attitude, and social behavior so that the performance of the organization improves considerably.”
The following are the advantages of training program to the company
- Increase in efficiency of worker :-
Training programs can help workers to increase their efficiency levels, improve quality and thereby increase sales for the company.
- Reduced supervision :-
When workers have been formally trained they need not be supervised constantly. This reduces the work load on the supervisor and allows him to concentrate on other activities in the factory.
- Reduction in wastage :-
The amount of material wasted by a trained worker is negligible as compared to the amount of material wasted by an untrained worker. Due to this the company is able to reduce its cost its cost of production.
- Less turnover of labor :-
One of the advantages of the training program is that it increases the confidence of employees and provides them with better career opportunities. Due to this employee generally do not leave the company. There by reducing labour turnover.
- Training helps new employees :-
A person, who is totally new to the company, has no idea about its working. Training helps him to understand what is required from him and helps him to adjust to the new environment.
- Union management relations :-
When employees are trained and get better career opportunities. The union starts having a possible attitude about the management. They feel that the management is genuinely interested in workers development. This improves union management relations.
The following are the advantages of training program to the employee-
Better career opportunities :-
Training programs provide the latest information, develops talent and due to this the employee is in a position to get better jobs in the same company or other companies.
High rewards :-
Effective training programs result in improved performance. When performance appraisal is done excellent performance fr the employee is rewarded by giving him incentives and bonus.
Increased motivation :-
Employees who have been trained are generally more confident as compared to others. Since their efforts will be rewarded in future they are very much interested in improving their performance. Therefore we can say that their motivation levels are very high.
Group efforts :-
Training programs are not only technical programs but are also conducted in areas like conflict management, group dynamic (formal and informal groups), behavioral skills, stress management etc. this enables employees to put in group effort without facing problems that groups normally face. In other words tracing teaches people to work in a group.
Promotion :–
People who attend training programs learn from them and improve themselves are generally considered for promotion. Thus training increases chances of promotion.
Performance appraisal:
Definition :-
Performance appraisal is defined by Wayne Cascio as “the systematic description of employee’s job relevant, strength, weakness.
Performance appraisal may be conducted once in every 6 months or once in a year. The basic idea of the appraisal is to evaluate the performance of the employee, giving him a feed back. Identify areas where improvement is required so that training can be provided. Give incentives and bonus to encourage employees etc.
Method of performance appraisal
Performance appraisal is defined by Wayne Cascio as “the systematic description of employee’s job relevant, strength, weakness.
Companies use different methods of appraisal for identifying and appraising the skills and qualities of their employees. The different methods used can be explained with the help of following diagram.
Methods of performance appraisal
| Traditional method | Modern method |
|
|
Traditional method
Traditional method of performance appraisal has been used by companies for very long time. A common feature of these methods is they are all relatively simple and involve appraisal by one senior.
- Check list method :-
In this method the senior, the boss is given a list of questions about the junior. These questions are followed by check boxes. The superior has to put a tick mark in any one of the boxes
This method can be explained with the following eg.
Y N
Does the employee have leadership qualities?
Y N
Is the employee capable of group efforts?
Y N
Has the employee shown analytical skills?
on the job
As seen in the above eg. A questioner containing questions is given to the senior. This method is an extremely simple method and does not involve a lot of time. The same set of questioners can be given foe every employee so that there is uniformity in selected employee.
Confidential report :-
This method is very popular in government departments to appraise IAS officers and other high level officials. In this method the senior or the boss writes a report about the junior giving him details about the performance about the employee. The +ve and – ve traits, responsibilities handled on the job and recommendations for future incentives or promotions. The report is kept highly confidential and access to the report is limited.
Critical incident method :-
In this method critical or important incidents which have taken place on this job are noted down along with employee’s behavior and reaction in all these situations. Both +ve and –ve incidents are mentioned. This is followed by an analysis of the person, his abilities and talent, recommendations for the future incentives and promotions.
Ranking method :-
In this method ranks are given to employees based on their performance. There are different methods of ranking employees.
Simple ranking method
Alternate ranking method
Paired comparison method
Simple ranking method :-
Simple ranking method refers to ranks in serial order from the best employee eg. If we have to rank 10 bestemployees we start with the first best employee and give him the first rank this is followed by the 2nd best and so on until all 10 have been given ranks.
Alternate ranking :-
In this method the serial alternates between the best and the worst employee. The best employee is given rank 1 and then we move to the worst employee and give him rank 10 again to 2nd best employee and give him rank 2 and so on.
Paired comparison :-
In this method each and every person is the group,department or team is compared with every other person in the team/group/department. The comparison is made on certain criteria and finally ranks are given. This method is superior because it compares each and every person on certain qualities and provides a ranking on that basis.
Graphic rating scale :–
Graphic rating scale refers to using specific factors to appraise people. The entire appraisal is presented in the form of a chart. The chart contains certain columns which indicate qualities which are being appraised and other columns which specify the rank to be given.
Employee A
| Quality of work | Quantity of work | Intelligence | |
| Excellent | |||
| Very good | |||
| good | |||
| satisfactory | |||
| poor |
The senior has to put a tick mark for a particular quality along with the ranking. Such charts are prepared for every employee. According to the department in which they work. Sometimes the qualities which are judged may change depending upon the department.
- Narrated essay :-
In this method the senior or the boss is supposed to write a narrative essay describing the qualities of his junior. He may describe the employees strength and weakness, analytical abilities etc. the narrative essay ends with a recommendation for future promotion or for future incentives.
Modern methods
Modern methods of appraisal are being increasingly used by companies. Now days one of the striving feature that appraisal involves is, the opinion of many people about the employee and in some cases psychological test are used to analyze the ability of employee. These methods are as follows-
- Role analysis :-
In this method of appraisal the person who is being apprised is called the focal point and the members of his group who are appraising him are called role set members.
These role set members identify key result areas (KRA 2 marks) (areas where you want improvement are called KRA) which have to be achieved by the employee. The KRA and their improvement will determine the amount of incentives and benefits which the employee will receive in future. The appraisal depends upon what role set members have to say about the employee.
- Assessment centers :-
Assessment centers (AC) are places where the employee’s are assessed on certain qualities talents and skills which they possess. This method is used for selection as well as for appraisal. The people who attend assessment centers are given management games, psychological test, puzzles, questioners about different management related situations etc. based on their performance in these test an games appraisal is done.
- Management by objective :-
This method was given by Petter Druckard in 1974. It was intended to be a method of group decision making. It can be use for performance appraisal also. In this method all members of the of the department starting from the lowest level employee to the highest level employee together discus, fix target goals to be achieved, plan for achieving these goals and work together to achieve them. The seniors in the department get an opportunity to observe their junior- group efforts, communication skills, knowledge levels, interest levels etc. based on this appraisal is done.
- Behavioral anchored rating scale :-
In this method the appraisal is done to test the attitude of the employee towards his job. Normally people with +ve approach or attitude view and perform their job differently as compared to people with a –ve approach.
- Psychological testing :-
In this method clinically approved psychological test are conducted to identify and appraise the employee. A feedback is given to the employee and areas of improvement are identified.
- Human resource audit/accounting :-
In this method the expenditure on the employee is compared with the income received due to the efforts of the employee. A comparison is made to find out the utility of the employee to the organization. The appraisal informs the employee about his contribution to the company and what is expected in future.
- 360* appraisal :-
In this method of appraisal and all round approach is adopted. Feedback about the employee is taken from the employee himself, his superiors, his juniors, his colleagues, customers he deals with, financial institutions and other people he deals with etc. Based on all these observations an appraisal is made and feedback is given. This is one of the most popular methods.
Process of performance appraisal
Performance appraisal is defined by Wayne Cascio as “the systematic description of employee’s job relevant, strength, weakness.
Process of performance appraisal followed by different companies is different. A general procedure is explained below with the help of a diagram.
Process of performance appraisal
Setting performance standards
Communicating standards set to the employee
Measuring performance
Comparing performance with standard
Discussing result
Collective action
Implementation and review
- Setting performance standards :-
In this very first step in performance appraisal the HR department decides the standards of performance i.e. they decide what exactly is expected from the employee for each and every job. Sometimes certain marking scheme may be adopted eg. A score 90/100 = excellent performance, a score os 80/100 = good. And so on.
- Communication standard set to the employee :-
Standards of performance appraisal decided in 1st step are now conveyed to the employee so that the employee will know what is expected from him and will be able to improve his performance.
- Measuring performance :-
The performance of the employee is now measure by the HR department, different methods can be used to measure performance i.e. traditional and modern method. The method used depends upon the company’s convenience.
- Comparing performance with standard :-
The performance of the employee is now judged against the standard. To understand the score achieved by him. Accordingly we come to know which category of performance the employee falls into i.e. excellent, very good, good, satisfactory etc.
- Discussing result :-
The results obtained by the employee after performance appraisal are informed or conveyed to him by the HR department. A feedback is given to the employee asking him to change certain aspects of his performance and improve them.
- Collective action :-
The employee is given a chance or opportunity to improve himself in the areas specified by the HR department. The HR department constantly receives or keeps a check on the employee’s performance and notes down improvements in performance.
- Implementation and review :-
The performance appraisal policy is to be implemented on a regular basis. A review must be done from time to time to check whether any change in policy is required. Necessary changes are made from time to time.
Limitations of performance appraisal
Performance appraisal is defined by Wayne Cascio as “the systematic description of employee’s job relevant, strength, weakness.
The following are the limitations of performance appraisal
- Halo effect :-
In this case the superior appraises the person on certain positive qualities only. The negative traits are not considered. Such an appraisal will no give a true picture about the employee. And in some cases employees who do not deserve promotions may get it.
- Horn effect :- In this case only the negative qualities of the employee are considered and based on this appraisal is done. This again will not help the organization because such appraisal may not present a true picture about the employee.
- Central tendency :-
In this case the superior gives an appraisal by giving central values. This prevents a really talented employee from getting promotions he deserves and some employees who do not deserve any thing may get promotion.
- Leniency and strictness :-
Some bosses are lenient in grading their employees while some are very strict. Employee who really deserves promotions may loose the opportunity due to strict bosses while those who may not deserve may get benefits due to lenient boss.
- Spill over effect :-
In this case the employee is judged +vely or –vely by the boss depending upon the past performance. Therefore although the employee may have improved performance, he may still not get the benefit.
- Fear of loosing subordinates and spoiling relations :-
Many bosses do not wish to spoil their relations with their subordinates. Therefore when they appraise the employee they may end up giving higher grades which are not required. This is a n injustice to really deserving employees.
- Goodwill and techniques to be used :-
Sometimes a very strict appraisal may affect the goodwill between senior and junior. Similarly when different departments in the same company use different methods of appraisal it becomes very difficult to compare employees.
- Paper work and personal biased :-
Appraisal involves a lot of paper work. Due to this the work load of HR department increases. Personal bias and prejudice result in bosses favoring certain people and not favoring others.
Advantages/needs/importance/use/purpose of performance appraisal
Performance appraisal is defined by Wayne Cascio as “the systematic description of employee’s job relevant, strength, weakness.
- Feedback to the employee :-
Performance appraisal is beneficial because it provides feedback to the employee about his performance. It identifies the areas for improvement so that employee can improve itself.
- Training and development :-
Due to performance appraisal it is easy to understand what type of training is required for each employee to improve himself accordingly training programs can be arranged.
- Helps to decide promotion :-
Performance appraisal provides a report about the employee. Based on this report future promotions are decided, incentives, salary increase is decided.
- Validation of selection process :-
Through performance appraisal the HR department can identify whether any changes are required in the selection process of the company normally a sound selection process results in better performance and positive appraisal.
- Deciding transfers and lay off of the worker :-
Employee with specific talent can be transferred to places where their talents are utilized properly; similarly decisions regarding termination of employees depend upon performance appraisal reports.
- Human resource planning and career development:-
Companies can plan for future vacancies at higher levels based on performance appraisal reports. Similarly career planning can be done for the employee on the performance appraisal report.
