Antimicrobial peptides are a plentiful and diverse class of molecules produced by numerous tissues and cell types in a wide range of invertebrate, plant, and animal species. Because of their amino acid composition, amphipathicity, cationic charge, and size, they can attach to and insert into membrane bilayers to form pores via the ‘barrel-stave,’ ‘carpet,’ or ‘toroidal-pore’ mechanisms.
Princeton University Department of Chemistry researchers has discovered a new multi-step pathway by which bacteria in the mammalian gut produce antimicrobial peptides. The newly discovered biosynthetic pathway converts a biologically inactive peptide into structurally complex antibiotics known as enteropeptins. Enteropeptins are a type of ribosomally synthesized peptide natural product (RiPP).
The core structure of these products is synthesized by the ribosome, which is limited to the 20 canonical amino acids. The Mo Lab discovered and characterized new metalloenzymes capable of converting arginine, a canonical amino acid, into N-methylornithine, a noncanonical amino acid, within enteropeptin.
This is the first report of a RiPP natural product containing this unusual amino acid. The discovery was made by the lab of Professor Mohammad Seyedsayamdost. The lab’s paper was published in Nature Chemistry. Kenzie Clark, first author on the paper and a former graduate student in the Mo Lab, explained the core discoveries.
It’s new approach to natural product discovery in that you start with the biosynthetic gene cluster and then you do in-depth analysis of the reaction of each enzyme to understand all the different transformations that are going on.
Covington
“The way this pathway works is that the ribosome makes a precursor peptide, which is then acted on by metalloenzymes encoded in the same gene cluster,” said Clark. “The series of metalloenzymes—in this case, there were three of them—convert arginine into N-methylornithine in a step-wise fashion to generate enteropeptin.”
“The interesting thing is that the peptide just on its own does not show any biological activity. But once you add these modifications, it becomes this active biomolecule that potently inhibits the growth of the producing strain.” Brett Covington, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab and co-author on the paper, weighed in on this finding.
“That’s a trend we are seeing with a lot of these RiPP products that we’ve uncovered: they have very narrow-spectrum activity and they tend to inhibit the growth of the organism that’s making the compound,” he said. “That was the case here with enteropeptin. It really only inhibited the Enterococcus that made enteropeptin. Why these Enterococci make an antibiotic peptide to inhibit their own growth is a question that we’re pursuing. They are likely involved in generating a more recalcitrant bacterial population.”
Working through gene clusters
The research fits neatly into the mission of the Mo Lab, which seeks to uncover new bacterial natural products and understand how these products are biosynthesized. Back in 2018, the Mo Lab published a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) in which they used bioinformatics to uncover 600 RiPP gene clusters from streptococci that utilize radical S-adenosylmethionine (rSAM) enzymes, one of nature’s largest-known family of enzymes. While it’s a huge group with over 500,000 members and is found in all three kingdoms of life, most of these enzymes are not well understood.
The lab grouped their 600 newly discovered RiPP gene clusters into 16 subfamilies based on similar precursor peptide sequences. They began working through these families in the lab, uncovering new reactions and interesting chemistry along the way.
“It’s new approach to natural product discovery in that you start with the biosynthetic gene cluster and then you do an in-depth analysis of the reaction of each enzyme to understand all the different transformations that are going on,” said Covington. “Then, we search the bacterial host for the mature product, which incorporates all these different enzymatic transformations. It’s a unique approach.”
So far, they’ve only worked with clusters that code for a single metalloenzyme. This latest work targets multi-step pathways with more complex chemistries that have not just one interesting reaction, but three catalzyed by three different classes of metalloenzymes. Two are iron-dependent and one is manganese-dependent.
“One of these metalloenymes generates a very reactive intermediate that’s able to do really challenging chemical reactions, for example carbon-carbon bond formation at unactivated carbon centers,” said Clark. “A lot of the structures they generate would be very challenging for synthetic chemists to make.”
“But what’s also interesting was the third enzyme in the pathway. It wasn’t annotated as a known enzyme family. It ended up using a four-iron-four-sulfur cluster and cofactor SAM to N-methylate ornithine, a novel and really interesting modification reaction.”
Covington added, “That’s one of the things I enjoy most about working here in the Mo lab, the thrill you get when you finally uncover one of these products. All the work is done on the bench to understand the reaction in the test tube, and then it’s really gratifying when you see it match up with what’s going on inside the actual bacteria.”
