Pertussis Toxin (PT)

Pertussis Toxin (PT)

Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based exotoxin produced by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough or pertussis. PT plays a role in respiratory…
Cholera Toxin

Cholera Toxin

Cholera toxin is a protein complex produced by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. The toxin consists of several subunits,…
Global Warming expands the Diversity of Active Soil Microbes

Global Warming expands the Diversity of Active Soil Microbes

According to a new study conducted by researchers at the University of Vienna’s Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science (CeMESS), warmer soils support a…
The Small Intestine Adjusts its Size Depending on Nutritional Intake

The Small Intestine Adjusts its Size Depending on Nutritional Intake

One of the most striking examples of gut plasticity can be seen in animals that are subjected to prolonged periods of fasting, such as hibernating…
Hydrogen Leak Testing

Hydrogen Leak Testing

Hydrogen leak testing is a critical method for detecting and measuring leaks in systems or equipment that handle hydrogen gas. It is the standard method…
The Eyes have it in Combating Brain Infections

The Eyes have it in Combating Brain Infections

The eyes have been referred to as “the window to the brain.” Yale researchers discovered that they also act as an immunological barrier, protecting the…
Shiga Toxins

Shiga Toxins

Shiga toxins are a series of similar toxins divided into two primary families, Stx1 and Stx2, which are expressed by genes thought to be found…
Ribosomes – Molecular Wedge helps Recycling

Ribosomes – Molecular Wedge helps Recycling

Ribosomes are complex molecular machineries found in all cells that catalyze protein synthesis. They help to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins by combining transfer…
Bacterial Phyla

Bacterial Phyla

Bacterial phyla are broad categories of bacteria based on genetic similarity and evolutionary history. It is one of the most important lineages in the Bacteria…
Biomagnification

Biomagnification

Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, refers to the increase in the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, in the tissues…
Double Problem at the Chromosomal Ends

Double Problem at the Chromosomal Ends

Scientists Jim Watson and Alexey Olovnikov independently discovered a flaw in the way human DNA is duplicated half a century ago. The end-replication problem is…
Microbial Toxins – produced by microorganisms

Microbial Toxins – produced by microorganisms

Microbial toxins are those produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. These are compounds produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus,…
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