Introduction
This report is required as a partial fulfillment of study on the Production and Operations Management in the perspective of Bangladesh.
Secondary Objective
Mr. Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, course instructor of POM, assigned the project and this report is prepared under his guidance.
Methodology
The study consists mainly on collecting primary data and secondary data from the company. The primary data was collected by interviewing the production manager of the company. The secondary data collected mainly from the Annual Reports of Needle Stitch. I also discussed with my respective course instructor to establish the structure of the report. A questionnaire containing both structured and unstructured questions was prepared, depending on the nature of the study. A Mobile recorder had also been used during the interview was taken.
Limitations
The report is not free of limitations. They are discussed bellow:
Lack of secondary information was the major problem that I faced during the study. The annual report was the only secondary source of information, which is not sufficient to provide the reader with a vivid idea on Needle Stitch.
Due to limited knowledge in this field, all the aspects of this study could not be covered.
Every organization has their own secrecy that is not revealed to others. While collecting data i.e. interviewing the managers and employees, they did not disclose much information for the sake of maintaining confidentiality of the organization.
Scope of the report
The study was attempted to find out how various concepts of Production and Operations Management are practiced and implemented in this organization. Production and operations management concern with the conversion of inputs into outputs, uses of physical resources, so as to provide the desired utilities to the customer while meeting the other organizational objectives of effectiveness, efficiency and adoptability. The scope of the report is to have the overall idea on,
Fundamentals of production and Operations Management.
Process and layout plan.
Location etc.
Literature Review
Production and Operations Management
Transformation of production and operational inputs into outputs that when distributed meet the needs of customer.
Schematic production system
Operations Management
Operations management is defined as the design, operation and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm’s primary product and services.
Importance of production and operations management
Automated Inventory control
Constant customer feedback
Customized product
Personal service
Scope of production and operations management
Strategic (long-term) decision-How, where, how much, when etc.
Tactical (Intermediate) decision-
How many workers?
How many Shift?
When delivery?
Warehouse
Operational planning and control-
Day, week based plan
Priority of work selection
Current Issues in operation management
Out sourcing
Optimizing Global supplies, production and distribution network
Mass Customization
Increased co-production of goods and services
Operations Strategy and Competitiveness
Setting broad policies and plans for using the resources of a form to best support the firm’s long-term competitive strategy. Operation strategy has two components-
Design of a process
Infrastructure needed to support the process
Operations competitive Dimensions
Cost
Quality
Speed
Reliability
Coping with changes in demand
Flexibility and new product introduction speed
Other products specific criteria
Plant -within – a plant
A concept in which different location within a facility are dedicated to different product lines. Each location is operated according to its own strategy to minimize the confusion associated with shorting from one type of strategy to another.
Straddling
Straddling occurs when a company seeks to match what a competitor is doing by adding features, services, or technologies to existing activities. This often creates problems if certain trade-offs need to be made.
Order Winner
Order winner is a dimension that differentiates the products or services of one firm from those of another.
Order Qualifier
Order qualifier is a dimension used to screen a product or service as a candidate for purchase.
Productivity
Productivity is a measure of how well resources are used.
Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
A set of measures that help managers evaluate a company’s economic performance and spot the need for changes in operations. KPI include financial measures such as days; cash on hand and operating income by unit or division ,as well as non-financial metrics such as average time to respond to service calls, lead time , or percentage of sales from new product.
Product Design
Product design has two main issues-
Product Design Process
Product Development Process
Contract Manufacturer
An organization capable of manufacturing and or purchasing all components needed to product or device.
Core competency
The thing that a firm can do better than its competitors. The goal is to have a core competency that yields a long-term competitive advantage to the company.
A core competency has three characteristics-
It provides potential access to a wide variety of markets
It increases perceived customer benefits.
It is hard for competitors to imitate.
Product Development Process
The six phases of the generic development process are –
Planning
Concept Development
System-level design
Design Detail
Testing & refinement
Production ramp-up
Other phases
Other phases are called market push product design. Those are as following –
Technology push products
Platform products
Process Intensive products
Customized products
High risk products
Quick build products
Complex system products
Industrial Design
Design for the aesthetics & for the user. There are some lacks of industrial design, as following –
Difficult in operating a product
Often injury
Excess feature
Complex manual
Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
A process that helps a company determines the product characteristics important to the consumer and to evaluate its own product in relation to others.
House of quality
A matrix that helps a product design team translates customer requirements into operating and engineering goals.
Value analysis/ value engineering
Analysis with the purpose of simplifying products and processes by achieving equivalent or better performance at a lower cost.
Process Analysis
Process is a set of activities performed by an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs ideally of greater value to the organization than the original inputs.
Cycle time
The average time between completions of successive units in a process. The term is sometimes used to mean the elapsed time between starting and completing a job.
Utilization
Utilization is the ratio of the time that a resource is actually activated relative to the time that it is available for use.
Process Flowcharting
The activities associated with a process affect one another so that it is important to consider the simultaneous performance of a number of activities, all operating at the same time.
Types of processes
Processes are two types, following –
Single Stage
Multi Stage
Buffering
Buffering is a storage area between stages where the output of a stage is placed prior to being used in a downstream stage. Buffering allows the stage to operate independently.
Blocking
Blocking is the activities in the stage must stop because there is no place to deposit the item just completed.
Starving
Starving is the activities in a stage must stop because there is no work.
Bottleneck
Bottleneck is a resource that limits the capacity or maximum output of the process.
Make-to-order
Make –to-order is a process that is activated only in response to an actual order.
Make-to-Stock
Make –to-stock is a process that produces standard products that are stored in finished goods inventory. The product is delivered quickly to the customer from the finished goods inventory.
Hybrid
Hybrid is combines the features of both make-to-order and make to stock. Typically, a generic product is made and stocked at some point in the process. These generic units are customized in a final process to meet actual orders.
Productivity
Productivity is the ratio of output to input. Taking the dollar value of the output and dividing by the dollar value of the input usually measure total factor productivity.
Run time
Run time is the time required to produce a batch of parts.
Setup time
Setup time is the time required to prepare a machine to make a particular item.
Operation time
Operation time is the sum of the setup time and run time for a batch of parts that are run on a machine.
Throughput time
Throughput time is the average time that it takes a unit to move through an entire process. Usually the term lead time is used to the total time that it takes a customer to receive an order.
Manufacturing Process Selection & Design
Process selection refers to the strategic decision of selection which kind of production process to have in the manufacturing plant.
Types of processes
Processes are four types. As following –
Conversion Processes
Fabrication Processes
Assembly Processes
Testing Process
Process Flow Structures
A process flow structure refers to how a factory organizes material flow using one or more of the process technologies just listed.
Hayes and wheelwright have identified four major process flow structures –
Job Shop
A process structure suited for low-volume production of a great variety of nonstandard products.
Batch Shop
A process structure that produces a variety of standard products at relatively low volumes. The products are produced periodically in batches to educe the impact of setup time on equipment.
Assembly line
A process structure designed to make discrete parts. Parts are moved through a set of specially designed workstations at a controlled rate.
Continuous Flow
An often automated process structure that converts raw materials into finished product in one continuous process.
Facility Layout
Layout decisions entail determining the placement of departments, work groups within the departments, workstations, machines, and stock-holding points within a production facility. In general, the inputs to the layout decision are depends on-
Space requirement
Distance traveled by material
Demand of product
Available space
Inventory
Bottleneck
Throughput time.
Basic production layout format
The formats by which departments are arranged in a facility are defined by the general pattern of work flow; there are three basic types, as following –
Process Layout:
Process layout also called a job-shop or functional layout. A format in which similar equipment or functions are grouped together.
Product Layout:
Product layout also called a flow-shop layout .equipment or work processes are arranged according to the progressive steps by which the product is made.
Fixed-position Layout:
The product remains at one location and equipment is moved to the product.
Service Process selection and Design
The Nature of Services
# Every one is an expert on services. We all think we know what we want from a service organization and by the very process of living.
# Services are idiosyncratic: what works well in providing one kind of service may disastrous in another.
# Quality of work is not quality of service. An auto dealership may do good work on your car, but it may take a week to get the job done.
# Service is a package combines tangible & intangible
# High contact services are experienced whereas goods are con summed.
# Effective management of service requires understanding of marketing personnel & operation.
# Services often take the form of cycles of encounters involving face-to-face, telephone, electromechanical and /or mail interaction.
Service Operation Management
Service operation management issues exist in two broad organizational contexts –
# Service Business
Service businesses are also two types, as following –
Facility Based service – Customer must go to the place of business.
Field Based Service – Production & consumption take place in the customer’s environment.
# Internal Service
Services required supporting the activities of the larger organization.
Designing Service Organization
Designing a service organization involves four major elements –
# The target market (who is our customer?)
# The service concept (How do we differentiate our service in the market?)
# The Service Strategy (What is our service package & operating focus of our service?)
# The Service Delivery System (What are the actual processes, staff & facilities by which the service is created?)
Service Encounter
Facing the customer –
# Buffered Core -Which is physically separated from the customer?
# Permeable system – Which is penetrable by the customer via phone or face-to-face contact
# Reactive System – Which is both penetrable and reactive to the customer’s requirements?
Service Blue Print
The service flow chart- The flow chart of a service process emphasizing what is visible & what is not visible to the customer.
Service blue print has 4 layers –
# Activity under control of customer
# Handling of customer by manager
# Repair activities by technician
# Internal accounting activity
POKA-YOKES
Procedures that prevent mistakes from beginning defects .They are commonly found is manufacturing but also can be used in service processes.
Service Guarantee
A promise of service satisfaction backed up by a set of actions that must be taken to fulfill the promise.
Elements of good service guarantee
# It is unconditional
# Meaningful to customer
# Easy to understand & communicate
# Painless to invoke
# Avoid complexity & legalistic language
# Do not quibble or wriggle when customer invokes the guarantee
# Make it clear that you are happy for customers to invoke the guarantee.
Quality management: Focus on Six Sigma
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Total quality management may be defined as ‘managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of product and services that are important to the customer.
Two fundamental issues, as following –
Quality Specification
Design Quality – The inherent value of the product in the
marketplace.
The Dimensions of design quality –
# Performance
# Feature
# Reliability
# Serviceability
# Aesthetics
# Perceived quality
Cost of Quality
The cost of quality are generally classified into four types –
# Appraisal cost
# Prevention cost
# Internal Failure cost
# External failure cost
Six Sigma Qualities
A statistical term describes the quality goal of no more than four defects out of every million units. Also refers to a quality improvement philosophy and program.
Supply Chain Strategy
Apply a total system approach to changing the entire flow of information, material and service from raw materials supplier through factories and ware house to end customer.
Product classification for supply chain
Functional product
# Wide range of outlet
# Steady consumption
# Long-life cycle
# Competitive & low profit margin
Innovative product
# Demand unpredictable
# Short life cycle
# Greater variety
Out Sourcing
Moving some of a firm’s internal activities and decision responsibility to outside providers.
Value Density
The value of an item per pound of weight.
Strategic Capacity Management
Strategic Capacity Planning
Strategic capacity planning is determining the overall capacity level of capital intensive resource that best supports the company’s long-term competitive strategy.
Best Operating Level
Best operating level is the level of capacity for which the process was designed and the volume of output at which average unit cost is minimized.
Capacity Utilization Rate
Capacity utilization rate is measure how close a firm is to its best operating level.
Economics of Scale
Increase volume of output, decrease per unit product cost.
Diseconomies of Scale
Increase volume of output, increase per unit cost.
Issues in facility Location
# Proximity to customer
# Business Climate
# Total Cost*lowest total cost)
# Infrastructure available
# Quality of labor
# Suppliers condition
# Other facilities: Distribution facility
# Free Trade Zone
# Political Risk
# Government Berries
# Trading Block
# Environment Regulation
# Host community
# Competitive Advantage
Forecasting
Dependent Demand
Requirements for a product or service caused by the demand for other products or services. This type of internal demand does not need a forecast, but can be calculated based on the demand for the other products or services.
Independent Demand
Demand that are not directly derived from the demand for other products.
Types of Forecasting
# Qualitative
# Quantitative
# Simulation
Inventory Control
Basic purpose of inventory analysis –
# When item to be ordered
# How large the order should be.
Purpose of inventory –
# Maintain Independence in operation.
# To meet variation in product demand
# To allow flexibility in production scheduling.
# To maintain safe guard for variation in raw material delivery time.
# To take advantage of economic purchase order size.
Inventory Cost –
# Holding Cost
# Setup Cost
# Ordering Cost
# Shortage Cost
Inventory System-
# Single Period Inventory
# Multi Period Inventory –
# Fixed order Quantity Model (Q Model)
# Fixed time period Model (P Model)
Company Profile
Needle Stitch Factory location is 19/2 Nayabari, Savar, Dhaka-1340, Tel : +880-02-7741822. (E-mail : factory@textrimslinkbd.com). Needle Stitch is a private companies incorporated under the Companies Act, 1994 on 1996. The owners of the Company except Sponsors are the Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Shangstha (BSRS), Ministry of Textile, Government of the peoples Republic of Bangladesh, and Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB), general public, local financial institutions and foreign portfolio investors. It is a ambotary factory and it has to the quality on supplying based on foreign market. Their main Market is abort. Needle Stitch mainly sells their product to the market through buying house.
Organ gram of Company
Layout plan of the company
Mission and Vision
Sparrow Apparels has divided it organization into two zones – Head office zone and factory zone. The head office is in 30-A, Navana Garden, Kallyanpur, Dhaka-1207 and has 30 employees, and the mills have 50 workers who work two shifts a day.
Philosophy feeds into value premises, which help shape vision. Vision is a stretching version of mission, and goals provide a way to pinpoint targets for achieving that mission.
Needle Stitch’s Vision is “To become the market leader in Readymade Garments Business”. The organization holds some philosophies before set their vision, they are:
# Quality is our Trademark and we are committed to Technical Excellence
# People should respect and trust each other in the organization.
# Contribution is the key to success and we believe in teamwork.
Mission Statement of Needle Stitch.
“To become a brand in ambotary’s market”
Findings of the study
An open discussion based on some following important questions were held between me and Md. Delower Hossain (Production Manager) on 20.06.2011 at the time of 10 am for the purpose to gain knowledge about the Garments sector in terms of the Production and Operations management.
Me: Good morning sir. How are you?
Md. Delower: Good morning. I am fine by the grace of Allah. Are you well?
Me: I am also fine.
Q. 1. Sir, What is the competitive issue of your organization? What is the reason of selecting such a competitive issue?
Ans.
Price and Quality is the major competitive issue of one/four organization.
Because now a days there are the two major elements or we can say major parameter to determine the profit and loss of organization.
As open market economy supply and demand is to be balanced due to it supply is more than demand then cost of product will be loss or if demand is more than supply then artificial crisis will be raised. So it should be balanced and due to that it price is not competitive we will be out of the game how competitive and also the quality. It quality is not up to requirement of specific deigning than demand of the product world be loss. So consider the aster expiation we can say price and quality is the major competitive issue of an organization we need to be cost effective and quality not we mark.
Comments: He is a very intelligent. But not higher educated parson.
Q. 2. What is the rate of new product development?
Ans. Rate of new product development depends on demand and fulfill the depraves. So first every should be very specific on demand and expectation and based on that we should do market study and determined what new development of product would be more lacerative and what cost studs for development. So we have gone through world be more competitive and high demand.
Comments: I say, he’s thinking is not good.
Q. 3. Is there any practice of process analysis? What is the result?
Ans: Yes, there is practice of process analysis. Without process analysis. The production would not be successful and faithful as well.
For better excellent on process analysis please see one designer which will be much more in details presentation about this analysis.
In the garment sector, I think quality and price are the two important factors for making sense in the competitive market. Our main competitive issue is the Quality. We strictly maintain the quality of our products. We are in the market as for our quality products. We think nothing can be comparable to us like quality to compete and lead the market. For to compete in the global market quality is one of the major issue. Beside it, we also maintain price to lead the local market.
Comments: no commects.
Q. 4. Get the facility location. Is there any study on present facility layout?
Ans.
Comments: It’s a very good facility layout.
Q. 5. Relevant information on productivity calculation.
Ans. a). clear unnecessary materials.
1.1, remove unused and unusable materials
1.2, clear defective products.
1.3, clear superfluous things and tools.
1.4, remove idle equipment and tools.
All these result in clear and study workplace and better work environment.
B) Ensure good hoarse keeping.
C) Keep machines workplace etc. clear.
D) Purse right work standard.
E) Train your personal.
Comments: No comments.
Q. 6. How the product quality is maintained?
Ans. A) Supervision.
B) Monitor
C) On line quality check.
D) Individual liable for desire quality and standard.
E) Motivation for better quality.
Comments: There are good product quality maintained.
Q. 7. Is there any practice on supply chain strategy?
Ans. Yes, supply chain strategy practice here that is from start to end very process men taint proper way to get better output. We also maintain supply chain management because it ensure minimum inventory and unless it there will be loss of market and low production. It maintains a link of all sectors of a production system
Like 4
Comments: Yes, they aware about the supply chain strategy system. Because for customer satisfied and success his business.
Q. 8. The system of service encounter?
Ans. Be responsible individual to his own one/four work and he punished or reordered for better and bead intent output. His permeable system running.
Comments: His not good knowledge of service encounter. Service encounter is a interaction between service provider and customer and baffer core, permeable system and reactive system control.
Q. 9. Reason behind the facility location.
Ans. Less investment, worker abundance, peaceful environment, less noise, less headache, very close to nature, optimum utilization of resource like energy, power, water, gas, less worker migration, self satisfaction.
Comments : just I say, very good facility location and he’s business mind is very strong.
Q. 10, How forecasting on demand is calculated?
Ans. Of course, we strictly maintain forecasting. To keep pace with the customer demand and to avoid the unexpected situations we forecast the market in quantitative way (by data) and then we produce. In order to create more forecasting level in our organization, basically order collection based on the customers are followed. Besides, for special occasion like Eid, Puja and other festival occasions are also targeted.
Market study, new technical applied for better and face the new chotenge and always strive for better man.
Comments: Forecasting is dependent demand and independent demand. Independent for forecasting. So there are maintain.
Q. 11. Inventory management system of the organization. Is there any application of automation on inventory management?
And. Yes, mainly store inventory process system applied mainly manually keep all data record and every 3 month review the all record data and check every think properly maintain and utilization.
Comments: No comments.
Q. 12. Is there any concept of order winner and core competency?
Ans. Yes, reword for good job promotion here punishment for bed work canceling for better in future. We always trying to maintain to order winner and order qualifier in product market.
Comments: He basically based on maintaining their order winner and order qualifier about their product and service market.
Conclusion
The study done on Needle Stitch Company. was very insightful as it gives a first hand account of how POM is practiced in such large organizations in Bangladesh. It became evident through the study that administrative personnel in such organizations are quite aware of POM concepts. However limitation of resources often limits the level of benefits that can be achieved through such practice. One interesting issue that came up during the interviews and discussions is the method of customization of various Production and Operations Management concepts according to the need of the organization.
Needle Stitch Company. is trying to provide the better quality or to maintain the customer satisfaction based on their expectations. Their infrastructure, physical evidence, procurement system and highly experienced personnel are the key factors for their “POWER OF TO ATTRACT CUSTOMERS”. They supply their products across the different districts in domestic market and exports in global market like Middle East, Europe.
On the whole, Needle Stitch Company. can be seen as an ideal organization that is trying its best to adhere to the various concepts and implications of Production and Operations Management. There are still plenty of areas to improve and if those improvements are made then the company would become a leading institute in garment sector and an example for others to follow.
