Science

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is one of the most practical and low-cost techniques to reduce a load of pathogenic microorganisms in the water at households…

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. It is a measure of…

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technology to generate power from mixing waters with different salinity. RED is the salinity gradient energy retrieved from the difference…

Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) is an electrochemical charge-driven separation process where dissolved ions are separated through ion permeable membranes under the influence of an electrical potential…

Lapland (Finnish: Lappi, Finnish pronunciation: (ˈlɑpːi); Northern Sami: Sápmi; Swedish: Lappland; Latin: Lapponia) is a wide, northern area of land that stretches from Russia in…

Biodiversity or Biological diversity is a term that describes the variety of living beings on earth. In short, it is described as a degree of…

Electron ionization (EI) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas-phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. It is known…

Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) is an experimental technique used to determine the relative energies of electrons in atoms and molecules. It refers to the process in which…

In agriculture, monoculture is the practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming…

Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn, ˈtælɪn/; Estonian: (ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ); names in other languages) is the capital city of Estonia. The city of Tallinn is a vibrant and exciting city…

Laser absorption spectrometry (LAS) refers to techniques that use lasers to assess the concentration or amount of a species in the gas phase by absorption…

Ionization is the process in which an atom or a molecule gains or loses electrons to form a charged ion. It is the process by…