Chemistry

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. It is a measure of…

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technology to generate power from mixing waters with different salinity. RED is the salinity gradient energy retrieved from the difference…

Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) is an electrochemical charge-driven separation process where dissolved ions are separated through ion permeable membranes under the influence of an electrical potential…

Electron ionization (EI) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas-phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. It is known…

Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) is an experimental technique used to determine the relative energies of electrons in atoms and molecules. It refers to the process in which…

Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. CI is based on the reactions of gaseous analyte molecules with an excess…

Penning ionization is a form of chemical-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. It is a fundamental atomic collision process whereby…

Thermal ionization is the ionization of a gas or vapor produced by subjecting it to a high temperature. It also is known as surface ionization…

Water purification is the process by which water is treated so that it can be consumed by human beings without there being a risk to health. It is…

Spark ionization is a method used to produce gas-phase ions from a solid sample. The prepared solid sample is vaporized and partially ionized by an…

Magnetic water treatment is a method of supposedly reducing the effects of hard water by passing it through a magnetic field as a non-chemical alternative…

Ultrafiltration (UF) is an excellent separation technology for desalination pretreatment, reverse osmosis pretreatment, and wastewater reclamation, as well as for producing potable water. It is…