Decarbonizing fossil energy uses that cannot be directly electrified with renewable energy is one of the world’s most pressing climate challenges. Major industries that rely on fossil fuels, either for high-temperature energy or chemical feedstocks, are classified as “hard-to-abate” (HTA) sectors. These include iron and steel, cement, chemicals, and building materials, which account for approximately 30% of global CO2 emissions.
Another HTA sector is heavy-duty transportation, such as trucking and shipping, which is more difficult to electrify than passenger transportation because it requires massive batteries that add weight to the vehicle and take a long time to charge. As countries consider decarbonization strategies, relatively wealthy countries such as the United States and much of Europe are focusing on renewable energy generation and electric vehicles. China faces significantly different challenges as a result of its distinct carbon emission profile as a result of the much larger roles that HTA heavy industries play in its economy.
New research published in Nature Energy examines how China – by far the largest producer of iron, steel, cement, and building materials – can potentially utilize clean hydrogen (“green” and “blue” hydrogen) to decarbonize HTA sectors, and aid in achieving its 2030 and 2060 decarbonization pledges. Green hydrogen is made by splitting water molecules – H2O – using renewable electricity, while blue hydrogen is produced conventionally, from fossil fuels, but combined with carbon capture and storage.
The new paper from the Harvard-China Project on Energy, Economy and Environment, a U.S.-China collaborative research program based at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, is the first study to date that uses an integrated modeling approach to evaluate the potential use of clean hydrogen across China’s energy system and economy, in order to meet its 2060 net-zero target.
“Filling this research gap will help draw a clearer roadmap for China’s CO2 emission reductions,” explains lead author of the paper Xi Yang, a researcher at the Harvard-China Project. “Our goal with this study was to envision a role for clean hydrogen in China’s energy economy, which can then provide a reference for other developing economies with large heavy industrial and transportation sectors.”
The study evaluated three questions: What are the key challenges of decarbonizing HTA sectors? What are the prospective roles for clean hydrogen as both an energy carrier and feedstock in HTA sectors? And would widespread application of clean hydrogen in HTA sectors be cost-effective compared to other options?
To analyze the cost-effectiveness and role of clean hydrogen across China’s entire economy — with an emphasis on the under-researched HTA sectors – the team built a model of an integrated energy system that includes supply and demand across sectors. Results show that a widespread application of clean hydrogen in HTA sectors can help China achieve carbon neutrality cost-effectively compared to a scenario without clean hydrogen production and use. Clean hydrogen can save $1.72 trillion in investment costs and avoid a 0.13% loss in the aggregate GDP (2020-2060) compared to a pathway without it.
The researchers also examined the type of clean hydrogen – green or blue – that would be most cost effective. Their study indicates that the average cost of China’s green hydrogen can be reduced to $2/kg of hydrogen by 2037 and $1.2/kg by 2050, when it will be much more cost-effective than blue hydrogen ($1.9/kg).
“China has rich untapped resources of solar and wind energy, both onshore and offshore,” explains Chris P. Nielsen, co-author of the paper and Executive Director of the Harvard-China Project. “These resources give China advantages towards developing green hydrogen for use in its industrial and transportation sectors.”
And while decarbonizing such hard-to-abate sectors is critical to climate action, it may have additional benefits. New markets for green hydrogen could also help the power system transition to renewable sources. Nielsen explains that green hydrogen production would do this by providing a comparatively flexible form of electricity demand that need not be met instantaneously, like most electricity loads. Instead it can often be scheduled, at least within short time frames. Such demand flexibility is valuable to grid managers, helping them to accommodate the inherent variability of renewable power sources as they are affected by changing meteorological conditions.
