Inflammatory diseases are conditions characterized by inflammation in different parts of the body. Inflammation is a normal response of the immune system to protect the body from harmful stimuli such as pathogens, tissue damage, or irritants.
Researchers at Trinity College Dublin’s Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute have made a significant advancement in their understanding of what goes wrong in our bodies as inflammatory diseases progress and in doing so have discovered a potential new therapeutic target.
The scientists have found that an enzyme called Fumarate Hydratase is repressed in macrophages, a frontline inflammatory cell type implicated in a range of diseases including Lupus, Arthritis, Sepsis and COVID-19.
Professor Luke O’Neill, Professor of Biochemistry at Trinity is the lead author of the research article that has just been published in leading international journal, Nature. He said:
“No-one has made a link from Fumarate Hydratase to inflammatory macrophages before and we feel that this process might be targetable to treat debilitating diseases like Lupus, which is a nasty autoimmune disease that damages several parts of the body including the skin, kidneys and joints.”
Joint first-author Christian Peace added:
“We have made an important link between Fumarate Hydratase and immune proteins called cytokines that mediate inflammatory diseases. We found that when Fumarate Hydratase is repressed, RNA is released from mitochondria which can bind to key proteins ‘MDA5’ and ‘TLR7’ and trigger the release of cytokines, thereby worsening inflammation. This process could potentially be targeted therapeutically.”
No-one has made a link from Fumarate Hydratase to inflammatory macrophages before and we feel that this process might be targetable to treat debilitating diseases like Lupus, which is a nasty autoimmune disease that damages several parts of the body including the skin, kidneys and joints.
Professor Luke O’Neill
In a model of sepsis, a deadly systemic inflammatory syndrome that can develop during bacterial and viral infections, fumarate hydratase was discovered to be suppressed. Similarly, in blood samples from patients with Lupus, Fumarate Hydratase was dramatically decreased.
“Restoring Fumarate Hydratase in these diseases or targeting MDA5 or TLR7 therefore presents an exciting prospect for badly needed new anti-inflammatory therapies,” said Prof O’Neill.
Excitingly, this newly published work is accompanied by another publication by a group led by Professor Christian Frezza, now at the University of Cologne, and Dr. Julien Prudent at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (MBU), who have made similar findings in the context of kidney cancer.
“Because the system can go wrong in certain types of cancer, the scope of any potential therapeutic target could be widened beyond inflammation,” added Prof O’Neill.
The Trinity study is a collaboration between eight universities including the MRC MBU, University of Cambridge where Dr. Dylan Ryan is co-first author along with Dr. Alex Hooftman, who is now based at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne. Cedars Sinai Medical Centre in Los Angeles is another key collaborator helping with the study of Lupus patients.
The study was supported with funding from the European Research Council, Medical Research Council and Science Foundation Ireland. Work in the Frezza lab is also supported by the ERC, further illustrating the importance of ERC funding for EU science.
