Recent discoveries have shed new light on the origins and composition of Mars. This study is based on information gathered by the Mars InSight lander, which has been on the planet since 2018. One important discovery is that Mars has a large and differentiated core, similar to Earth’s. This core is made up of iron, nickel, and other heavy metals. The core’s size and composition indicate that Mars had a very active early history, with a great deal of heat and energy driving its formation.
A new study has revealed fascinating insights into the liquid core at the heart of Mars, adding to our understanding of the planet’s formation and evolution. The study, led by the University of Bristol and published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States, reveals the first detections of sound waves traveling into Mars’ core. Measurements of this acoustic energy, known as seismic waves, show that its liquid core is slightly denser and smaller than previously thought, and is made up of iron and a variety of other elements.
The findings are all the more remarkable, as the research mission was initially only scheduled to last for a little over one Mars year (two Earth years). Despite Martian storms hastening the accumulation of dust and reducing power to the NASA InSight Mars lander, NASA extended its stay, so geophysical data, including signals of marsquakes, continued to be gathered until the end of last year.
The new results are important for understanding how Mars’ formation and evolution differ from those of Earth. New theories about the formation conditions and building blocks of the red planet will need to be able to match the core’s physical properties as revealed by this new study.
Dr. Irving
Lead author Dr Jessica Irving, Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol, said: “The extra mission time certainly paid off. We’ve made the very first observations of seismic waves travelling through the core of Mars. Two seismic signals, one from a very distant marsquake and one from a meteorite impact on the far side of the planet, have allowed us to probe the Martian core with seismic waves. We’ve effectively been listening for energy travelling through the heart of another planet, and now we’ve heard it.
“These first measurements of the elastic properties of Mars’ core have helped us investigate its composition. Rather than being just a ball of iron, it also contains a large amount of sulfur, as well as other elements including a small amount of hydrogen.”
The team of researchers used data from NASA’s InSight lander, a robotic spacecraft designed to probe the interior of Mars, to compare seismic waves travelling through the planet’s core with those transiting Mars’ shallower regions, and modelled properties of its interior.
In 2018, the InSight lander deployed a broadband seismometer on the Martian surface, allowing for the detection of seismic events such as marsquakes and meteorite impacts. The multidisciplinary team of scientists, which included seismologists, geodynamicists, and mineral physicists, used observations of two seismic events in the opposite hemisphere from the seismometer to calculate the travel times of seismic waves that passed through the core versus seismic waves that remained in the mantle.
Dr Irving said: “So-called ‘farside’ events, meaning those on the opposite side of the planet to InSight, are intrinsically harder to detect because a great deal of energy is lost or diverted away as waves travel through the planet. We needed both luck and skill to find, and then use, these events. We detected no farside events in the first Martian year of operations. If the mission had ended then, this research couldn’t have happened.
“The marsquake on Sol 976 was the most distant event discovered during the mission.” The second farside event, S1000a – the first event detected on day 1,000 of operations – was especially useful because it turned out to be a meteorite impact that we heard all the way through the planet, allowing us to pinpoint the source of the seismic signals. After the Marsquake Service (MQS) honed their skills on hundreds of days of Martian data, it took a lot of seismological expertise from across the Insight Team to tease the signals out of the complex seismograms recorded by the lander.”
The authors used these measurements to build models describing physical properties of the core, including its size and elastic wave-speed. The results suggested Mars’ core is slightly denser and smaller than previous estimates, with a radius of approximately 1,780-1,810 km. These findings are consistent with the core having a relatively high fraction of light elements alloyed with iron, including abundant sulfur and smaller amounts of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.
“Detecting and understanding waves that travel through the very core of another planet is incredibly difficult, reflecting decades of efforts by hundreds of scientists and engineers from multiple countries,” said co-author Ved Lekic, Associate Professor of Geology at the University of Maryland College Park in the United States. We had to use not only sophisticated seismic analysis techniques, but also knowledge of how high pressures and temperatures affect the properties of metal alloys, leveraging the InSight Team’s expertise.”
Dr Irving added: “The new results are important for understanding how Mars’ formation and evolution differ from those of Earth. New theories about the formation conditions and building blocks of the red planet will need to be able to match the core’s physical properties as revealed by this new study.”
