When the Zika virus infects a human, it replicates within cells of the body, particularly in cells of the immune system. After the virus has replicated enough within these cells, it can then spread to other cells in the body, potentially leading to the symptoms associated with Zika virus infection. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, and once inside the body, it can infect various types of cells and use their machinery to replicate. The virus can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, or through blood transfusion.
Scientists have solved the mystery of how the Zika virus infects key immune system cells. New research sheds light on how to prevent the virus from spreading. The Zika virus has a secret weapon. Once inside the body, the virus makes a beeline for dendritic cells, which are responsible for launching an effective immune response.
“Dendritic cells are major cells of the innate immune system,” says LJI Professor Sujan Shresta, Ph.D., a member of the LJI Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research. “How is this virus so clever that it’s able to establish infection in cells that would normally fight infections?”
Now Shresta and colleagues at LJI and the University of California, San Diego, have found that Zika virus actually forces dendritic cells to stop acting as immune cells. Using a new model of Zika virus infection, the LJI team showed that Zika virus instead makes dendritic cells churn out lipid molecules, which the virus uses to build copies of itself.
“Here are dendritic cells doing everything to help a virus,” says Shresta.
Dendritic cells are major cells of the innate immune system. How is this virus so clever that it’s able to establish infection in cells that would normally fight infections?
Sujan Shresta
The Nature Communications study is a major step forward in the Shresta Lab’s work to guide the design of new antiviral therapies against many members of the Flavivirus family, including Zika, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).
“Understanding how viruses interact with human cells is critical for understanding how to treat or prevent infection in the future,” says UC San Diego Professor Aaron Carlin, M.D., Ph.D., a former trainee in the Shresta Lab and co-leader of the new study.
Emilie Branche, Ph.D., a former postdoctoral researcher at LJI, led the effort to develop a model to better understand how Zika virus and dengue virus target dendritic cells. She worked with human immune cells called monocytes, which she prompted to differentiate into dendritic cells.
Branche analyzed how gene expression in these dendritic cells shifted during a Zika or dengue infection. She then compared the changes in gene expression with changes in cells she subjected to a “mock infection.” This comparison revealed precisely how Zika pulls off its cellular take-over.
The researchers found that Zika virus manipulates the genes that control lipid metabolism in dendritic cells. The virus calls in a cellular protein called SREBP, which forces lipid, or fat molecule, production to go into overdrive. These lipids became the building blocks to assemble new copies of Zika virus – copies meant to spread through the body, further driving infection.
“We showed that Zika, but not dengue, modulates cellular metabolism in order to increase its replication,” says Branche.
The team then investigated whether Zika turns other cells into lipid factories. Although Zika is also known to target neuronal precursor cells, the researchers showed that Zika doesn’t manipulate the lipid metabolism genes in those cells. Shresta was surprised to see these changes only in dendritic cells, and she was surprised that Zika, not dengue, altered lipid production.
“These viruses are crazy,” says Shresta. “How these viruses manipulate host cell responses is very virus-specific and very cell-type specific.”
The next step is to develop antivirals that stop Zika from exploiting the genes for lipid metabolism. The new study shows that therapeutically silencing SREBP may hold promise. What to do about Zika’s cousin, dengue? Because these viruses are so closely related and overlap in so many places, Shresta imagines a SREBP inhibitor as just one ingredient in a “cocktail” of inhibitors to treat many different flavivirus infections.
“The more knowledge we can generate about these viruses, the closer we are to a ‘pan-flavivirus’ inhibitor,” she says.
