Most racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including African Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Hispanics, and white men, have heart disease as the leading cause of death. Heart disease is second only to cancer among Pacific Islander women, as well as Asian American, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Hispanic women.
According to a new study of Chicago data, the neighborhoods with the lowest rates of violent crime also had the lowest rates of cardiovascular disease mortality. Aside from making city residents safer where they live, work, and play, a new Chicago data analysis shows that as violent crime decreases, so does the area’s death rate from heart disease. This study, conducted by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine and published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, demonstrated the profound impact that violence can have not only on the individuals involved but also on the community as a whole.
“It’s important to acknowledge the impact of the built environment on health,” said the study’s lead author, Lauren Eberly, MD, a clinical fellow in Cardiovascular Medicine and an associate fellow of the Leonard Davis Institute. “Exposure to violent crime appears to be an important social determinant of cardiovascular health within the broader context of the ways in which structural racism harms health.”
We hope that, given these results, people will consider the root causes of violence. We must acknowledge the legacy of racist policies and practices that have led to concentrated disadvantage and crime in Black and other racially and ethnically minoritized neighborhoods. Policies must be implemented to address the health consequences of structural racism and racial segregation.
Lauren Eberly
Data from the most recent 15 years of data available out of Chicago, 2000-2014, covered an overall, significant decline in violent crime. City-wide, the decline was 16 percent total and coincided with a 13 percent decrease in cardiovascular disease mortality.
But when the researchers examined neighborhood-level numbers, they saw that deeper declines in violent crime appeared to correlate with sharper declines in heart disease-related mortality, too. For instance, the group of neighborhoods with the greatest decrease in violent crime averaged a 59 percent drop, which correlated with a nearly 15 percent total drop in heart disease mortality. Even in the areas with the lowest change in violent crime (a 10 percent decrease), cardiovascular mortality still declined by more than 11 percent.
That the mortality rates declined less when violent crime declined less was notable.
“Because community areas that experienced the smallest decline in crime also experienced the smallest improvements in cardiovascular mortality, pre-existing disparities in mortality between neighborhoods in the city are likely to worsen over time, especially with the recent rise in crime rates in the United States,” Eberly said. “While these results represent one large, urban U.S. city that could potentially not be generalizable to other cities, we suspect that these results are likely reflective of many other large urban cities across the country.”
Research has shown that violent crime tends to disproportionately affect the areas where people of color live. While the research of Eberly and her colleagues didn’t explicitly examine the racial makeups of the neighborhoods examined, that foreknowledge shows that the study’s findings likely have strong significance.
“We hope that, given these results, people will consider the root causes of violence,” Eberly said. “We must acknowledge the legacy of racist policies and practices that have led to concentrated disadvantage and crime in Black and other racially and ethnically minoritized neighborhoods. Policies must be implemented to address the health consequences of structural racism and racial segregation.”
One of the study’s co-authors, Eugenia South, MD, an assistant professor of Emergency Medicine and director of the Penn Urban Health Lab, has performed clinical trials around neighborhood interventions aimed at improving public health and decreasing violence. These have included increasing green space and structural repairs to the homes of low-income owners.
“In light of our latest analysis, such interventions’ impact on cardiovascular health warrants further attention,” Eberly said.
Data from 2000 until 2014 was the most recent set available to fully examine. Since then, violent crime has increased, both in Chicago and in many areas across the country. While Eberly could not say for sure due to data not being available for more recent years, Eberly said that it is possible that these increases also are translating to increases in cardiovascular death rates.
The study also didn’t divide violent crime into different types. In cities like Philadelphia, gun crime has spiked since the pandemic.
“It is possible that different types of crime rates in a neighborhood may have different relationships with community health, which needs to be investigated further,” said the study’s senior author, Sameed Khatana, MD, an assistant professor of Cardiovascular Medicine. “Even if violent crime rates in a neighborhood are a marker of cardiovascular health, rather than the specific cause of cardiovascular deaths, the rise in any type of violent crime is concerning as it may identify neighborhoods where residents are especially vulnerable to worsening cardiovascular health in the years to come.”
