Biology

Ancient pathogen genomics is the extraction, sequencing, and analysis of genetic material from ancient pathogens. It is a scientific field concerned with the study of…

Molecular paleontology is a relatively new interdisciplinary field that uses molecular techniques to study the evolution and relationships of ancient organisms. It combines principles from…

An immunological synapse (also known as an immune synapse) is the interface between an antigen-presenting cell or target cell and a lymphocyte such as a…

Cell signaling is the process by which a cell communicates with itself, other cells, and its surroundings. It is the process by which cells communicate…

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) or membrane nanotubes are cytoskeletal protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane and allow different animal cells to connect over long distances,…

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. It is a type of gene that has the potential to cause cancer.…

A tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is a type of gene that is important in regulating cell division and preventing tumor formation.  It is a gene…

Paleogenetics is a field of study that combines paleontological and genetic principles to investigate the genetic material of ancient organisms such as humans and other…

Paleobiology is a branch of biology that studies the evolution of life on Earth, particularly through the study of fossilized remains. It is an interdisciplinary…

Antigen presentation is a critical immune process that is required for T cell immune response activation. It is a critical process in the immune system…

Paracytophagy is the cellular process by which a cell engulfs a protrusion that extends from a neighboring cell. This protrusion may contain material that is…

Human milk microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms found in human breast milk. Human milk probiotics (HMP) refer to the microbiota (community of microorganisms)…