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When two or more different strains of a virus infect the same host cell and exchange genetic material, the process is known as reassortment. It…

Chromosomal crossover, also known as recombination or genetic recombination, is a fundamental process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms during the formation of reproductive cells…

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small, paired structure in the brain’s hypothalamus, just above the optic chiasm. It is a small region of the…

Photoperiodism is a physiological response of many organisms, including plants and animals, to the length of light and darkness in a 24-hour period. It is…

A circannual cycle is a biological process that occurs in living beings over the course of a year. It refers to a biological rhythm or…

The circadian rhythm is a natural, endogenous process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and occurs approximately once every 24 hours. It is a natural oscillation…

Circadian rhythms are biological processes that have a roughly 24-hour period and are controlled by internal biological clocks. While circadian rhythms are well-researched in many…

Aeroplankton is a diverse group of tiny airborne organisms that include bacteria, fungal spores, algae, minute insects, and other microbes. Aerial plankton are small lifeforms…

DNA barcoding is a molecular biology approach that identifies species by utilizing a short standardized DNA sequence as a biological identifier. Fish DNA barcoding methods…

Religious nationalism is a political ideology that blends aspects of nationalism with religion. It can be defined in several ways, including as a religion in…

“Social degeneration” is commonly used to describe the perceived decline or deterioration of a society’s social, cultural, or moral qualities. In the 18th and 19th…

Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a multidisciplinary subject that blends cognitive neuroscience with neuropsychiatric concepts to better understand and treat mental diseases. It is a burgeoning multidisciplinary…