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Ferritic nitrocarburizing or less commonly known as Ferritic nitrocarburising, in British English, is an array of case hardening operations that diffuse nitrogen and also carbon…

Nitriding is a highly specialized surface hardening treatment that produces a thin but high hardness case on a wide variety of steels. Nitriding was utilized to…

Throughout plasma physics, ambipolar diffusion is closely related to the very idea of quasineutrality. In the majority of plasmas, the forces performing on the ions…

Plasma physics is the study of charged particles and fluids getting with self-consistent electric along with magnetic fields. This is a basic research discipline which…

An electrical sail (also termed electric solar wind sail or E-Sail) is usually a proposed form connected with spacecraft propulsion using the dynamic pressure with…

The magnetic sail has been invented by Dana Andrews and Robert Zubrin employed in collaboration in 1988. A magnetic sail is a proposed method associated…

Solar sail is a form of spacecraft propulsion while using the radiation pressure (also called solar pressure) via stars to push large ultra-thin decorative mirrors…

The solar wind is a stream of vitalized, charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, flowing outward from the Sun, through the solar system at speeds…

A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object where charged particles are controlled by that object’s magnetic discipline. Near the surface of…

A astrophysical maser is a naturally occurring way to obtain stimulated spectral range emission, typically within the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This kind…

This composition of interstellar ice could be determined through the infrared spectrum. Interstellar ice consists of grains of volatiles from the ice phase that form…

Molecular cloud, also called dark nebula is an interstellar clump or cloud that is opaque to its internal dust grains. The form of such dark…