Physics

Total external reflection is a phenomena that, in theory, can involve any sort of electromagnetic or other wave and is closely connected to total internal…

Synchrotron radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when charged particles, mainly electrons, are accelerated in a circular route within a synchrotron facility. It…

The electromagnetic radiation released by non-relativistic speeding charged particles deflected by a magnetic field is known as cyclotron radiation. It is a type of electromagnetic…

Ring lasers are made up of two beams of light with the same polarization going in opposite directions in a closed loop (“counter-rotating”). These are…

Total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) of one medium to another (e.g., water to air) are…

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a fourth-generation light source that produces exceptionally bright and brief radiation pulses. It is a type of laser that uses…

An optical ring resonator is a collection of waveguides, at least one of which is a closed loop with light input and output. (These can…

The active laser medium (also known as a gain medium or lasing medium) is the source of optical gain within a laser. The gain is…

Laser science, often known as laser physics, is a discipline of optics that deals with the theory and application of lasers. Lasers are devices that…

The Polariton Interferometer is a navigation device proposed for military usage due to its independence from regular GPS, which is prone to jamming and has…

Quantum dots (QDs), also known as semiconductor nanocrystals, are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electrical properties that differ from those…

Surface metrology is a subfield of metrology that measures small-scale features on surfaces. It is the scientific investigation and measurement of surface qualities and properties.…