Physics

Clouds are usually grouped into different types based on their altitude (how high they are in the sky) and their shape. There are ten cloud…

In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases. It is the branch of…

Definition of Rotation – For much of human history, people believed Earth to be flat. We now know better. But if Earth were flat, the…

Potatoes have phosphoric acid and work well; they are the basis for commercial “potato clock” kits. Potato batteries with LED lighting have been proposed for…

Electricity is everywhere in our lives. From the voltage that comes from the wall to power our lights, to the batteries in our phones and…

The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed for patents…

Pulse-tube Refrigerators can be operated over a wide range of temperatures. The pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) or pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged…

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. It is the set of physical properties observed in certain materials,…

Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms…

Cryogenic treatment is the process of cooling materials to cryogenic temperatures temporarily to improve their material properties at room temperature. It is the process of…

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a substance for the purpose of lowering the temperature. The term refrigeration…

Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301 °F), usually using liquid nitrogen. It is a…