Biology

In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers discovered significant differences in gut bacteria diversity between grey squirrels and red squirrels, which could hold the key to better…

Researchers revealed that a mutation in the cellulose-producing machinery of E. coli bacteria allows them to cause serious sickness in humans; ‘good’ bacteria produce cellulose,…

Researchers explain how climate change contributes to the spatial spread of West Nile virus in Europe, a pathogen that poses a new public health concern…

When female gametes in plants become fertilized, a signal from the sperm initiates cell division, resulting in the creation of new plant seeds. This activation…

Enterotoxins are a type of toxin produced by specific bacteria that predominantly harm the intestines. These toxins cause symptoms including vomiting and diarrhea, which are…

Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based exotoxin produced by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough or pertussis. PT plays a role in respiratory…

Cholera toxin is a protein complex produced by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. The toxin consists of several subunits,…

According to a new study conducted by researchers at the University of Vienna’s Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science (CeMESS), warmer soils support a…

One of the most striking examples of gut plasticity can be seen in animals that are subjected to prolonged periods of fasting, such as hibernating…

Hydrogen leak testing is a critical method for detecting and measuring leaks in systems or equipment that handle hydrogen gas. It is the standard method…

The eyes have been referred to as “the window to the brain.” Yale researchers discovered that they also act as an immunological barrier, protecting the…

Shiga toxins are a series of similar toxins divided into two primary families, Stx1 and Stx2, which are expressed by genes thought to be found…