Biology

Paleogenetics is a field of study that combines paleontological and genetic principles to investigate the genetic material of ancient organisms such as humans and other…

Paleobiology is a branch of biology that studies the evolution of life on Earth, particularly through the study of fossilized remains. It is an interdisciplinary…

Antigen presentation is a critical immune process that is required for T cell immune response activation. It is a critical process in the immune system…

Paracytophagy is the cellular process by which a cell engulfs a protrusion that extends from a neighboring cell. This protrusion may contain material that is…

Human milk microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms found in human breast milk. Human milk probiotics (HMP) refer to the microbiota (community of microorganisms)…

The storage of energy in molecules is an important aspect of biological processes, particularly in living organisms. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary molecule involved…

The term “anticancer genes” typically refers to genes that play a role in the prevention or inhibition of cancer development and progression. When anticancer genes…

Cell death is a normal and necessary part of the cell’s life cycle. It is the failure of a biological cell to perform its functions.…

Viral eukaryogenesis is the theory that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in an endosymbiotic relationship with a…

Although the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood, there is evidence to support it. Researchers at the Fred…

The integrated stress response is a cellular stress response conserved in eukaryotic cells that reduces protein synthesis while increasing the expression of specific genes in…

The cell membrane invaginates during pinocytosis, forming small vesicles that bring extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes into the cell. Pinocytosis, also known as fluid…