Biology

The human microbiome is a collection of trillions of microorganisms that live in various parts of the human body, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other…

Nuclear atypia is characterized by the abnormal appearance of cell nuclei. It refers to changes in the size, shape, and appearance of cell nuclei within…

Anaplasia is a loss of differentiation in cells that causes them to become more primitive or undifferentiated. It is a condition in which cells lose…

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary field that involves the investigation and resolution of crimes using scientific principles and techniques. It is also known as criminalistics,…

Endogenous viral elements ((EVEs) are remnants of ancient viral infections that have become ingrained in the genome of an organism. EVE is a virus-derived DNA…

The variability in genetic material within a population is referred to as genetic variance. It is a concept outlined in the fundamental theorem of natural…

The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and…

A fusion gene is a combination of two previously independent genes. It is caused by the erroneous joining of two previously separate genes. This fusion…

The cellular stress response refers to the mechanisms that cells use to adapt and survive in the face of various stressors or challenges. It refers…

Endocytosis is a cellular process that allows substances to enter the cell. It is a cellular process in which cells absorb molecules from their surroundings…

Bacterial growth is the process by which bacterial cells multiply and multiply in number. It is the division of a bacterium into two daughter cells,…

The uterine microbiome consists of commensal, nonpathogenic bacteria, viruses, yeasts/fungi, and the environment in which they live in a healthy uterus, amniotic fluid, and endometrium.…