Sudden cardiac death is defined as the abrupt and unexpected cessation of all heart activity. Breathing and blood flow immediately cease. The person goes unconscious and dies within seconds. Sudden cardiac death differs from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The sudden loss of heart activity caused by an irregular heart rhythm is known as SCA. With prompt and appropriate medical care, survival is possible. Sudden cardiac death in otherwise healthy people under the age of 35 is uncommon. It is more common in men than in women.
Nearly nine in ten cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in young people are preceded by symptoms, ECG abnormalities, or a positive family history, according to a new study published this week in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Erik Börjesson of Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, and colleagues. Those findings suggest that expanding cardiac screening beyond competitive athletes could aid in the prevention of SCD in the young population with HCM.
The majority of young people dying from sudden cardiac death due to HCM present with one or more abnormalities that may be recognized during cardiac screening. HCM is a genetic cardiovascular disease believed to affect one in 500 individuals in the general population. While sudden death due to HCM is rare, it is still a major cause of natural death in the young.
HCM is a genetic cardiovascular disease believed to affect one in 500 individuals in the general population. While sudden death due to HCM is rare, it is still a major cause of natural death in the young. Identifying at-risk patients can reduce the risk of SCD in young individuals with HCM, for example by exercise restriction and drug therapies. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) can also prevent deaths and improve quality of life. For instance, after suffering an on-field cardiac arrest last year, Danish footballer Christian Eriksen was able to return to playing eight months later with an ICD.
In the new study, the researchers analyzed all cases of SCD with HCM between 2000 and 2010 in Sweden among individuals under age 35, along with controls. They characterized the clinical symptoms, medical history, family history, and ECG findings before the occurrence of SCD using data from national registries, autopsy reports, medical records, and interviews with relatives post-mortem.
Among the 38 SCD cases identified, which included 31 males and 7 females, 71% presented with possible cardiac symptoms, including chest pain and palpitations, before death, and 69% received medical care in the 180 days before death (compared to just 21% of controls receiving medical care in that time period). 39% had a known cardiac disorder prior to death and 50% had a positive family history for heart disease.
In total, 28 individuals underwent ECG evaluation at some point during their lifetime. Of these, 23 (82%) had ECG findings that were considered abnormal, but the overall number of abnormal ECG-recordings is around 60% when looking at all the cases.
The authors conclude that it may be possible to predict, and prevent, SCD in young individuals with HCM. ECG screening, for instance, could be expanded beyond competitive athletes and a routine school screening program could ensure equal detection across males and females. The authors add: “The majority of young people dying from sudden cardiac death due to HCM present with one or more abnormalities that may be recognized during cardiac screening.”
Undiagnosed heart conditions, such as genetic heart disease, can cause sudden death in adolescents and young adults. Undiagnosed heart disease can cause a young person to die unexpectedly during physical activity, such as competitive sports. However, sudden cardiac death can occur without any exertion. Most student-athletes compete without incident every year. If you or your child are at risk of sudden cardiac death, speak with your doctor about precautions you can take.
